Main Research Findings

A study on nicotine gum use in the first year of the Lung Health Study found that 28.9% of participants (1,080 out of 3,923) were using nicotine gum 12 months after starting the study. 1 This group included 33.6% sustained non-smokers, 54.5% intermittent smokers, and 19.2% continuing smokers. The average gum use at 12 months was 7.3 pieces per day.

Another study assessed the effects of several nicotine replacement treatments on withdrawal symptoms and side effects during short-term smoking cessation. 2 This study found that the urge to smoke in the morning was greater during the 16-hour patch condition compared to the 24-hour patch condition. Double-patch use resulted in significantly more insomnia compared to the smoking baseline and the 16-hour patch condition. The no medication and gum alone conditions resulted in similar withdrawal symptoms, and both tended to result in greater reported withdrawal symptoms compared to the smoking baseline condition.

Reasons for Side Effects

Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), such as nicotine gum and patches, deliver nicotine to the body in a similar way to smoking. This helps to alleviate withdrawal symptoms associated with quitting smoking. However, nicotine is a substance that affects the nervous system, and excessive intake or individual differences in sensitivity can lead to side effects.

Common Side Effects

Oral Side Effects

Nicotine gum can irritate the mouth. This is because the nicotine in the gum can irritate the oral mucosa. 1 The study reported that those who used gum continuously experienced more mild side effects compared to those who used gum intermittently.

Digestive System Side Effects

Nicotine gum can cause stomach upset and nausea. This is because nicotine can irritate the digestive system. 2 The study observed that participants who used nicotine patches in combination with nicotine gum had an increased risk of insomnia compared to those who only used nicotine patches. This is believed to be due to the potential impact of nicotine patches on sleep.

Nervous System Side Effects

Nicotine gum can cause nervous system side effects such as headaches, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating. This is because nicotine affects the nervous system.

Other Side Effects

Nicotine gum can cause skin rashes and allergic reactions. As nicotine gum increases nicotine levels in the body, it can potentially impact the heart and blood vessels. 1 The study found that men were significantly more likely to be non-smokers than women. On the other hand, women were significantly more likely to use gum than men.

Side Effect Management

Oral Side Effects

Measures to reduce oral irritation can be taken, such as reducing the frequency of chewing gum, chewing gum slowly, and drinking water. It can also be helpful to eat something before chewing gum or to chew gum while talking, as this can help to disperse the stimulation in the mouth.

Digestive System Side Effects

Avoid taking nicotine gum on an empty stomach and try to take it with meals. Also, try to chew gum slowly to prevent nicotine from rushing into the stomach.

Nervous System Side Effects

If you experience headaches, dizziness, or difficulty concentrating while taking nicotine gum, stop taking it and consult with a doctor.

Other Side Effects

If you experience skin rashes or allergic reactions while taking nicotine gum, stop taking it and consult with a doctor. If you have heart or blood vessel problems, consult with a doctor before taking nicotine gum.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities

Both studies suggest that nicotine replacement therapy can help people quit smoking and reduce withdrawal symptoms. Both also report side effects of nicotine replacement therapy.

Differences

1 investigated the long-term effects of nicotine gum use, while 2 explored the short-term effects of nicotine replacement therapies. 1 collected data on success rates in quitting smoking, nicotine gum usage, and other factors, while 2 focused on collecting data on withdrawal symptoms and side effects.

Real-Life Application Considerations

Nicotine gum is an effective tool for supporting smoking cessation, but it is important to be aware of the potential for side effects. If you are considering using nicotine gum, it is crucial to consult with a doctor first, understand the appropriate usage instructions, and be informed about the potential side effects. Remember that nicotine gum is a smoking cessation aid, and a comprehensive approach including lifestyle modifications and participation in smoking cessation support programs is essential for successful quitting.

Current Research Limitations

Research on nicotine replacement therapy is still ongoing. Further investigation, particularly regarding long-term effects and side effects, is needed. The effects of nicotine replacement therapy can vary based on individual body composition and smoking habits, and research findings cannot be generalized to everyone.

Future Research Directions

Future research on nicotine replacement therapy should delve deeper into long-term effects and side effects, explore the impact of individual body composition and smoking habits on its effectiveness, and investigate the combined effects of nicotine replacement therapy and other smoking cessation methods. Developing new treatment approaches is also a promising avenue for future research.

Conclusion

Nicotine gum can be a helpful aid in quitting smoking, but it is crucial to be aware of its potential side effects. If you are considering using nicotine gum, it is essential to consult with a doctor beforehand, understand proper usage instructions, and be informed about potential side effects. Success in quitting smoking requires a comprehensive approach that includes lifestyle changes and participation in smoking cessation support programs.