Effects of oxymorphone: A Synthesis of Findings from 17 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Oxymorphone has shown promising effects as an analgesic in various studies. 17 found that oxymorphone was effective in managing pain after onychectomy in cats. Oxymorphone has also been found to enhance the effects of other analgesics. 3 investigated the cardiovascular effects of epidural oxymorphone and its combination with bupivacaine in dogs under halothane anesthesia. 8 demonstrated that oxymorphone can reduce the required dosage of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.

However, oxymorphone, like other opioid drugs, can lead to side effects such as respiratory depression. indicated that oxymorphone can affect human respiration. 1 suggested the potential for abuse of oxymorphone. Additionally, oxymorphone can affect heart rate, and 14 found that epidural administration of oxymorphone may cause bradycardia and second-degree atrioventricular block in dogs.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Oxymorphone has the potential to be an effective analgesic in various animal species. 17 found that oxymorphone is effective in managing pain after onychectomy in cats. It can also be expected to enhance the effects of other analgesics. 3 investigated the cardiovascular effects of epidural oxymorphone and its combination with bupivacaine in dogs under halothane anesthesia. Oxymorphone has also been shown to reduce the required dosage of isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. 8 Furthermore, oxymorphone is often used in conjunction with other anesthetic agents to facilitate anesthetic induction and maintenance. 11

Risk Summary

Oxymorphone, similar to other opioid drugs, can cause side effects such as respiratory depression. It can also affect heart rate. 14 Concerns about the potential for abuse of oxymorphone also exist. 1

Comparison Across Studies

Similarities

Many studies focus on investigating the analgesic effects of oxymorphone. Additionally, research exploring the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of oxymorphone can be observed. While directly comparing these studies is challenging due to varying animal species, administration methods, and assessment criteria, a common finding is that oxymorphone exhibits analgesic effects, synergistic potential with other medications, but can also induce adverse effects such as respiratory depression and heart rate alterations.

Differences

Across studies, there are variations in the animal species studied, administration methods, and evaluation parameters. This can lead to differing conclusions regarding the efficacy and side effects of oxymorphone. For example, while it has been shown to be effective in managing pain after onychectomy in cats, reports suggest that in dogs, it may cause bradycardia and second-degree atrioventricular block.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Various studies consistently indicate that oxymorphone demonstrates analgesic properties but also carries the potential for side effects such as respiratory depression and heart rate alterations. However, discrepancies and contradictory findings can occur between studies. This can be attributed to differences in animal species, administration methods, and evaluation parameters.

Considerations for Practical Application

Oxymorphone is utilized in veterinary practice for pain management and as an adjunct to anesthesia. However, it's crucial to exercise caution when using oxymorphone due to its potential side effects, such as respiratory depression and heart rate changes. It is particularly important to avoid its use in animals with respiratory or cardiovascular issues. Moreover, oxymorphone has the potential for misuse, necessitating careful storage and handling.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research necessitates further investigation to obtain more comprehensive information about the effects and side effects of oxymorphone. In particular, research addressing the long-term effects of oxymorphone and comparisons of its efficacy across different animal species is needed, as many aspects remain unclear.

Future Research Directions

To gain more in-depth knowledge about the effects and side effects of oxymorphone, the following research areas are crucial: ・ Comparative efficacy assessment across different animal species ・ Investigation of long-term effects ・ Exploration of the combined effects of oxymorphone with other medications ・ Exploration of measures to prevent the misuse of oxymorphone

Conclusion

Oxymorphone is a medication that exhibits analgesic properties but also carries the potential for side effects such as respiratory depression and heart rate alterations. When using oxymorphone, it is essential to understand both its benefits and potential risks and exercise careful judgment. To ensure the safe use of oxymorphone, further research is imperative.

Literature analysis of 17 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
11
0
0
0
17
1.

Pharmacodynamic effects of oral oxymorphone: abuse liability, analgesic profile and direct physiologic effects in humans.

Author: BabalonisShanna, LofwallMichelle R, NuzzoPaul A, WalshSharon L

Pain relief
Abuse potential
Respiratory depression

Oxymorphone is a semisynthetic μ-opioid agonist marketed as a prescription analgesic. This study compared the pharmacodynamic effects of oxymorphone and oxycodone in opioid abusers. Oxymorphone was less potent than oxycodone on most pharmacodynamic measures, but at higher doses, its abuse liability was similar to oxycodone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

2.

Effects of oxymorphone hydrochloride or hydromorphone hydrochloride on minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane in sheep.

Author: SayreRebecca S, LepizMauricio A, HorsleyKristen T, PashmakovaMedora B, BarrJames W, WashburnShannon E

Lower MAC

This study determined the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane in sheep and found that the administration of oxymorphone or hydromorphone resulted in a significantly lower MAC. The study suggests that the clinical importance of this decrease is minor compared to the effect in other species.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Cardiovascular effects of epidurally administered oxymorphone and an oxymorphone-bupivacaine combination in halothane-anesthetized dogs.

Author: TorskeK E, DysonD H, ConlonP D

Improved cardiac index
Decreased heart rate
Increased systemic vascular resistance

Epidural administration of oxymorphone caused decreased heart rate, which was reversed by glycopyrrolate administration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Cardiopulmonary and behavioral effects of combinations of acepromazine/butorphanol and acepromazine/oxymorphone in dogs.

Author: CornickJ L, HartsfieldS M

Analgesia
Sedation
Decreased blood pressure
Decreased heart rate
Decreased respiratory rate

Acepromazine combined with butorphanol or oxymorphone provided effective sedation and analgesia in conscious dogs, with no significant differences in cardiopulmonary parameters.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of a combination of ketamine and propofol, propofol alone, or a combination of ketamine and diazepam before and after induction of anesthesia in dogs sedated with acepromazine and oxymorphone.

Author: Henao-GuerreroNatalia, RiccóCarolina H

Anesthesia induction
Cardiorespiratory effects

This study evaluated the cardiorespiratory effects of propofol, ketamine hydrochloride, and diazepam, given intravenously before and after induction of anesthesia in dogs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Ability of flumazenil, butorphanol, and naloxone to reverse the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs.

Author: LemkeK A, TranquilliW J, ThurmonJ C, BensonG J, OlsonW A

Reversed anesthetic effects

Flumazenil, in combination with butorphanol or naloxone, effectively reversed the anesthetic effects of oxymorphone-diazepam in dogs. This combination significantly reduced time to extubation, sternal recumbency, and walking compared to saline treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Positive and negative subjective effects of extended-release oxymorphone versus controlled-release oxycodone in recreational opioid users.

Author: SchoedelKerri A, McMornStephen, ChakrabortyBijan, PottsSusan L, ZerbeKathleen, SellersEdward M

Pain relief
Constipation
Drowsiness
Nausea

At equianalgesic doses, oxymorphone extended release (OM-ER) produced lower positive, negative, and balance subjective effects than oxycodone controlled release (OC-CR). This suggests that analgesic potency may not be reflected in subjective/objective effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effects of oxymorphone and hydromorphone on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs.

Author: MachadoCarmen E G, DysonDoris H, Grant MaxieM

Reduced MAC of isoflurane

Oxymorphone (OXY) and hydromorphone (HYDRO) both significantly reduced the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (ISO) in dogs at 2 hours. HYDRO had a significant MAC-sparing effect at approximately 4.5 hours, while OXY did not. HYDRO may be preferred for long-duration procedures as it rarely needs repeated dosing before 4.5 hours.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Operation of long-range substituent effects in rigid opiates: protonated and unprotonated oxymorphone.

Author: DarlingS D, KolbV M, MandelG S, MandelN S

Protonated oxymorphone (amine salt) structure differed from unprotonated oxymorphone (free base). Protonation on nitrogen resulted in an elongated N-C bond and subtle changes in bond lengths and angles, suggesting long-range substituent effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

10.

A randomized, rater-blinded, crossover study of the effects of oxymorphone extended release, fed versus fasting, on cognitive performance as tested with CANTAB in opioid-tolerant subjects.

Author: SpieringsEgilius L H, VolkertsEdmund R, HeitlandIvo, ThomsonHeather

Effective for pain management

The maximum plasma concentration of oxymorphone extended release (ER) is higher when taken with food, leading the US FDA to recommend taking oxymorphone ER at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Cardiorespiratory effects of induction and maintenance of anesthesia with ketamine-midazolam combination, with and without prior administration of butorphanol or oxymorphone.

Author: JacobsonJ D, McGrathC J, SmithE P

This study investigated the cardiorespiratory effects of a ketamine-midazolam combination in dogs, with and without prior opioid administration. Ketamine-midazolam caused significant changes in cardiorespiratory variables, while opioid administration modulated these effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Comparisons of the analgesic effects of oral and intramuscular oxymorphone and of intramuscular oxymorphone and morphine in patients with cancer.

Author: BeaverW T, WallensteinS L, HoudeR W, RogersA

Analgesia
Similar side effects
Dosage dependence
Side effects

Oral oxymorphone was less potent than intramuscular oxymorphone in treating cancer pain, but had a longer duration of action. Intramuscular oxymorphone was more potent than morphine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

Effects of hydromorphone or oxymorphone, with or without acepromazine, on preanesthetic sedation, physiologic values, and histamine release in dogs.

Author: SmithL J, YuJ K, BjorlingD E, WallerK

Preanesthetic sedation
Panting

Hydromorphone is comparable to oxymorphone for preanesthetic sedation in dogs, and the addition of acepromazine enhances sedation. Neither hydromorphone nor oxymorphone caused an increase in plasma histamine concentration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Postoperative analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects in dogs of oxymorphone administered epidurally and intramuscularly, and medetomidine administered epidurally: a comparative clinical study.

Author: VesalN, CribbP H, FrketicM

Longer duration analgesia
Postoperative analgesia
AV block
Bradycardia

This study compared the effects of intramuscular oxymorphone, epidural oxymorphone, and epidural medetomidine on analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery. Epidural oxymorphone and medetomidine provided longer-lasting analgesia than intramuscular oxymorphone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of an extended-release, liposome-encapsulated preparation of oxymorphone in rhesus macaques.

Author: Krugner-HigbyLisa, KuKanichButch, SchmidtBrynn, HeathTimothy D, BrownCarolyn, SmithLesley J

Long-acting
Pain relief
Sedation

Liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone (LE-ASG oxy) was found to have a significantly longer duration of action than conventional oxymorphone in rhesus monkeys. LE-ASG oxy was present in serum for more than 2 weeks, while conventional oxymorphone was measurable for only up to 4 hours. Although both formulations did not produce sedation, LE-ASG oxy altered behavioral patterns, such as increasing watchfulness and decreasing self-directed behaviors.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of atropine reversal of oxymorphone-induced bradycardia in dogs.

Author: CoplandV S, HaskinsS C, PatzJ D

Bradycardia reversal
Improved cardiovascular parameters
Second degree heart block
Sinus arrhythmia

Oxymorphone-induced bradycardia in dogs was effectively reversed by atropine. Atropine significantly increased heart rate, cardiac output, and other cardiovascular parameters.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia after onychectomy or onychectomy and sterilization in cats.

Author: DobbinsStephanie, BrownNancy O, ShoferFrances S

Pain relief

This study compared the effectiveness of different analgesics in cats following onychectomy, a procedure to remove claws. Buprenorphine demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing postoperative pain and stress, as evidenced by lower cumulative pain scores and serum cortisol levels compared to other analgesics.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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