Side Effects of pentoxifylline: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Pentoxifylline has shown promising therapeutic effects for various diseases. For example, studies have indicated its effectiveness in reducing side effects of cyclophosphamide in mice, including effects on sperm parameters and spermatogenesis. 2 It also has potential benefits in managing adverse radiation effects following stereotactic radiosurgery. 18 Additionally, research suggests pentoxifylline's protective effects against drug-induced nephrotoxicity, and its potential in treating subcorneal pustular dermatosis, alopecia areata, and other conditions. 13 5 24 Pentoxifylline's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are highlighted in several studies, demonstrating its potential to combat various diseases. 3 25 Furthermore, its use as a modulator of anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, is being investigated to potentially enhance therapeutic effects and reduce side effects. 23 14 However, pentoxifylline can also cause side effects. These include gastrointestinal symptoms, neurological symptoms, skin reactions, and blood-related issues. 21 Therefore, it's crucial to consult with a doctor before starting pentoxifylline treatment and follow their instructions carefully.

Reasons for Side Effects

Pentoxifylline's side effects are likely associated with its pharmacological action. It influences intracellular signaling pathways and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These effects, while beneficial in treating certain conditions, can sometimes lead to adverse reactions. For instance, its anti-inflammatory action may cause immunosuppression in the digestive system, potentially resulting in gastrointestinal side effects. Similarly, its antioxidant effect could weaken the protective mechanisms of nerve cells, potentially leading to neurological issues.

Common Side Effects

Digestive System

Pentoxifylline has been linked to gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. 21 14 These are believed to be due to the drug's anti-inflammatory effect, which can suppress the digestive system's immune response.

Nervous System

Pentoxifylline has been associated with neurological side effects like headache, dizziness, unsteadiness, drowsiness, and altered consciousness. 21 These effects may arise from the potential weakening of nerve cell protection by pentoxifylline's antioxidant properties.

Skin

Skin side effects reported with pentoxifylline include rash, itching, and hives. 21 These are thought to occur due to the drug's impact on the skin's immune response, altering its reaction.

Blood

Pentoxifylline has been linked to blood-related side effects such as anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. 21 These are potentially attributed to the drug's influence on bone marrow function.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Digestive System

To minimize digestive side effects associated with pentoxifylline, dietary adjustments and lifestyle changes are recommended. These include avoiding irritants, consuming easily digestible foods, eating smaller meals more frequently, chewing food thoroughly, and staying adequately hydrated. Additionally, under medical supervision, antiemetics or antidiarrheal medications can be used to alleviate symptoms.

Nervous System

To alleviate neurological side effects related to pentoxifylline, sufficient sleep, rest, and stress reduction are beneficial. Additionally, pain relievers or sedatives can be prescribed by a doctor if needed.

Skin

For skin side effects caused by pentoxifylline, applying cool compresses, using moisturizing products, and taking antihistamines can help. If symptoms worsen, seek medical attention.

Blood

To reduce blood system side effects associated with pentoxifylline, regular blood tests are essential, and you must follow your doctor's instructions closely. If necessary, treatments such as blood transfusions or medication may be administered.

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities among Studies

Across various studies, pentoxifylline has shown promising potential for treating different diseases. However, its effectiveness varies depending on the specific condition and the individual patient, emphasizing the need for further research.

Differences among Studies

The types and frequency of side effects reported in pentoxifylline studies vary. This is likely due to variations in the conditions of the research, such as the disease or patients involved, the dosage of pentoxifylline used, and the duration of treatment. More research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of pentoxifylline's side effects.

Precautions for Application in Daily Life

While pentoxifylline holds potential for treating various diseases, it's important to remember that it can cause side effects. Consult a doctor before starting any pentoxifylline treatment, and follow their instructions carefully. Report any side effects promptly to your doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research on pentoxifylline is not exhaustive, particularly regarding its side effects. More extensive research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of these adverse reactions.

Future Research Directions

To further investigate the side effects of pentoxifylline, research in the following areas is crucial: ・Research to elucidate the mechanisms behind the various side effects of pentoxifylline ・Research to develop drugs or methods that can effectively reduce the side effects of pentoxifylline ・Research to assess the risks associated with side effects of pentoxifylline

Conclusion

Pentoxifylline offers potential therapeutic benefits for various diseases, but it can also cause side effects. Before starting any pentoxifylline treatment, consult with a doctor and follow their instructions meticulously. If you experience any side effects, seek medical attention immediately.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
0
Article Type
6
3
3
6
26
1.

[Pentoxifylline: is it useful in multiple sclerosis?].

Author: PrietoJ M, DapenaD, LemaM, AresB, CacabelosP, NoyaM

Interferon side effect reduction
MS treatment

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that may be a potential coadjuvant treatment for interferon in patients with multiple sclerosis. This study explores the efficacy of PTX in reducing the side effects of interferon and improving functional outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Spanish

5.

Pentoxyfilline as a treatment for subcorneal pustular dermatosis.

Author: FalconeLauryn M, PilcherMary F, KovachRodney F, PowersRoxann

Long-term remission

Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (SPD) is a rare skin condition characterized by recurrent sterile pustules. While dapsone is the first-line therapy, some patients experience poor response or intolerance. This report describes a patient with SPD who achieved long-term remission without side effects using pentoxifylline, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, as monotherapy. The case suggests that pentoxifylline could be a potential treatment option for SPD patients who cannot tolerate dapsone.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
LetterA written message for communication and exchange of information between individuals.

Language : English

6.

Steroid-sparing effects of pentoxifylline in pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Author: ParkM K, Fontana, BabaaliH, Gilbert-McClainL I, StylianouM, JooJ, MossJ, ManganielloV C

Sarcoidosis treatment
Gastrointestinal side effects

While pentoxifylline (POF) did not meet the primary endpoint of sustained improvement in pulmonary function in a trial of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, a post hoc analysis suggested that POF may reduce flares and have steroid-sparing effects. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and assess the overall efficacy of POF for pulmonary sarcoidosis.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

7.

A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline in early chronic Peyronie's disease.

Author: SafarinejadMohammad Reza, AsgariMajid Ali, HosseiniSeyyed Yousof, DadkhahFarid

Reduced penile curvature
Reduced plaque volume

Pentoxifylline sustained-release (PTX-SR) treatment was moderately effective in reducing penile curvature and plaque volume in patients with early chronic Peyronie's disease (PD). PTX-SR also improved erectile function and showed a significantly lower rate of disease progression compared to placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Retracted PublicationCases where a publication has been formally withdrawn due to the discovery of serious errors or misconduct.

Language : English

8.

Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication.

Author: BroderickCathryn, ForsterRachel, Abdel-HadiMohammed, SalhiyyahKareem

IC treatment

Intermittent claudication (IC) is a symptom of peripheral artery disease (PAD) that causes pain in the legs during walking. Pentoxifylline is a drug that is used to treat IC by improving blood flow to the legs. This review examined the evidence for the effectiveness of pentoxifylline in the treatment of IC. The review found that the evidence for the effectiveness of pentoxifylline is mixed. Some studies have shown that pentoxifylline is effective in treating IC, while others have not.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

In vitro induction of apoptosis in U937 cells by perillyl alcohol with sensitization by pentoxifylline: increased BCL-2 and BAX protein expression.

Author: Gómez-ContrerasP C, Hernández-FloresG, Ortiz-LazarenoP C, Del Toro-ArreolaS, Delgado-RizoV, Lerma-DíazJ M, Barba-BarajasM, Domínguez-RodríguezJ R, Bravo CuellarA

Cancer treatment

This study investigates whether pentoxifylline (PTX) enhances the antitumor effects of perillyl alcohol (P-OH) in human myelomonocytic leukemia cells. Both P-OH and PTX have demonstrated antitumor activity in previous studies, and this research aims to determine if their combined effect is greater than their individual effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment.

Author: WorthingtonH V, ClarksonJ E, EdenO B

Mucositis prevention

Amifostine, antibiotic paste or pastille, hydrolytic enzymes, and ice chips showed some evidence of benefit in preventing or reducing the severity of oral mucositis in patients with cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

13.

A review of the potential protective effects of pentoxifylline against drug-induced nephrotoxicity.

Author: Nasiri-ToosiZahra, Dashti-KhavidakiSimin, KhaliliHossein, Lessan-PezeshkiMahboob

AKI prevention
Renoprotective effects

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a drug that may help protect the kidneys from damage caused by other medications. This review summarizes clinical and animal studies on PTX as a kidney protection agent.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Pentoxifylline as a modulator of anticancer drug doxorubicin. Part II: Reduction of doxorubicin DNA binding and alleviation of its biological effects.

Author: GołuńskiGrzegorz, BorowikAgnieszka, DerewońkoNatalia, KawiakAnna, RychłowskiMichał, WoziwodzkaAnna, PiosikJacek

Doxorubicin toxicity reduction

Pentoxifylline may reduce the side effects of doxorubicin, a commonly used anticancer drug, by forming complexes with it, but further research is necessary.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Pentoxifylline therapy in the management of oral submucous fibrosis.

Author: MehrotraRavi, SinghH P, GuptaS C, SinghM, JainS

Oral submucous fibrosis treatment

Pentoxifylline was found to be more effective than placebo in treating oral submucous fibrosis, a common premalignant condition. The treatment resulted in significant improvement in symptom and sign scores.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

Drug treatment for oral submucous fibrosis: an update.

Author: ChenXueru, XieHui, GuoJincai

OSF treatment

Lycopene appears to be the most effective for long-term treatment of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), while aloe vera is most effective for relieving severe burning sensation. More high-quality research is needed to identify better treatments for OSF.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Pentoxifylline in the treatment of neonatal vasospasm and thromboembolism: An observational case series study.

Author: BayraktarSüleyman, Tanyeri-BayraktarBilge

thrombosis treatment
vasospasm treatment

This case series describes the successful and safe use of PTX for the treatment of vasospasm and thrombosis in neonates.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

18.

Adverse radiation effects after radiosurgery may benefit from oral vitamin E and pentoxifylline therapy: a pilot study.

Author: WilliamsonRichard, KondziolkaDouglas, KanaanHilal, LunsfordL Dade, FlickingerJohn C

Adverse radiation effects treatment
Corticosteroids side effects

This study explored the use of oral pentoxifylline (Ptx) and vitamin E therapy (VitE) in treating suspected adverse radiation effects (ARE) after brain stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Pentoxifylline reduces the inflammatory process in diabetic rats: relationship with decreases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase.

Author: GarciaFrancisca Adilfa de Oliveira, RebouçasJéssica Farias, BalbinoTeresa Queiroz, da SilvaTeresinha Gonçalves, de Carvalho-JúniorCarlson Hélder Reis, CerqueiraGilberto Santos, BritoGerly Anne de Castro, VianaGlauce Socorro de Barros

Diabetes treatment

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PTX treatment reduced glycemia and paw edema, and brought edema volumes to values similar to those of non-diabetic rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Pharmacological treatment for Buerger's disease.

Author: CacioneDaniel G, MacedoCristiane R, Baptista-SilvaJose C C

Pharmacological treatment
Hereditary susceptibility

Buerger's disease, a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory condition affecting small and medium-sized blood vessels, often has no revascularization options. This review discusses the pharmacological treatment options for patients with severe complications, such as ischemic ulcers or rest pain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

22.

Systemic treatment in severe cases of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: an open trial.

Author: MimuraMaria Angela Martins, HirotaSilvio Kenji, SugayaNorberto Nobuo, SanchesJosé Antonio, MigliariDante Antonio

Complete remission
Symptom relief
Relapses after medication withdrawal

Thalidomide was the most efficient and best-tolerated drug for severe manifestations of reactive arthritis syndrome (RAS), resulting in complete remission in 87.5% of patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Potential Use of Pentoxifylline in Cancer Therapy.

Author: GolunskiGrzegorz, WoziwodzkaAnna, PiosikJacek

Cancer treatment

Pentoxifylline, a drug used to treat intermittent claudication, may be a useful addition to cancer therapy. It has anticancer activity and may increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy and other anticancer drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Intralesional pentoxifylline injection in localized alopecia areata.

Author: El-TaweelAbdel-Aziz Ibrahim, AklEssam Mohamed

Steroid injection side effects

This review discusses the use of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TRA) injection for treating alopecia areata (AA). While it is considered a first-line treatment for localized AA, it is associated with various side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Effect of intravenous pentoxifylline on oxidative stress in patients undergoing nephrolithotomy.

Author: MojtahedzadehM, IzadpanahF, Kazem AghamirS M, AtharikiaD, Reza NikoobahktM, AbbasiA

Reduced surgical stress
Nausea and vomiting

A single dose of intravenous pentoxifylline reduced surgical stress changes in patients undergoing nephrolithotomy. It significantly lowered serum epinephrine and norepinephrine levels and reduced creatine phosphokinase levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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