Effects of polio vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Polio vaccines have been a critical medical advancement in saving countless lives worldwide. Research indicates that these vaccines not only effectively prevent polio but also potentially impact immunity to other infections. For instance, a study found that administering measles vaccine alongside polio vaccine might reduce the risk of non-measles infections and promote growth in children ( 4 ). Another study suggested that oral polio vaccine (OPV) possesses non-specific immune effects, potentially strengthening resistance to other infections (). Furthermore, a study demonstrated the successful use of a novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) in controlling a large outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) in Nigeria ( 21 ).

However, concerns regarding the safety of polio vaccines persist. Research has identified acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) as a rare side effect of oral polio vaccine ( 19 ). Another study highlighted the detection of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) through environmental surveillance in Guatemala, raising concerns about the potential reemergence of poliomyelitis in countries with low polio vaccine coverage ( 20 ). Moreover, research indicates that maternal poliovirus antibodies in infants might interfere with the immune response to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), potentially negatively impacting the immune responses after IPV vaccination ( 5 ).

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of polio vaccines in preventing polio. Additionally, these vaccines may contribute to non-specific immune effects, potentially reducing the risk of other infections. Polio vaccines are a significant medical advancement, playing a crucial role in safeguarding lives and contributing to a healthier society.

Risks Summary

While generally safe, polio vaccines can occasionally cause side effects. The most common side effect is pain or swelling at the injection site. Rarely, more serious side effects can occur, although this is very uncommon. Polio vaccine side effects may include acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Ongoing monitoring of polio vaccine safety is essential.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities Across Studies

A vast majority of studies consistently indicate that polio vaccines effectively prevent polio. Research also suggests that these vaccines may impact immunity to other infections. Additionally, the safety of polio vaccines is generally considered high across various studies.

Differences Across Studies

Some inconsistencies in research findings regarding the effects and side effects of polio vaccines exist. For example, the strength of non-specific immune effects, the types of side effects, and their occurrence rates may vary across studies. These variations could be attributed to differing research subjects, methodologies, or other factors.

Consistency and Contradictions in Findings

While numerous research findings consistently support the conclusion that polio vaccines effectively prevent polio, inconsistencies may arise regarding non-specific immune effects and side effects. Future research should delve deeper into these aspects to acquire more reliable results.

Considerations for Real-World Application

Polio vaccines are a vital medical advancement, having saved countless lives worldwide. However, it is crucial to exercise caution for safe and effective use. Consulting with healthcare professionals to acquire appropriate information before receiving polio vaccination is essential. Promptly seeking medical advice if any side effects occur after vaccination is crucial.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research has certain limitations. For example, the strength of non-specific immune effects, the types of side effects, and their occurrence rates may vary across studies. This variation could be attributed to differing research subjects, methodologies, or other factors. Additionally, the long-term effects of polio vaccines are not fully understood. Future research should strive to overcome these limitations and achieve more reliable results.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects and safety of polio vaccines. This includes more in-depth investigation into non-specific immune effects, side effects, and the long-term impact of these vaccines. Moreover, developing strategies for the most effective use of polio vaccines is essential.

Conclusion

Polio vaccines have been a vital medical advancement, saving countless lives worldwide. These vaccines not only effectively prevent polio but also potentially influence immunity to other infections. Getting vaccinated against polio can protect you from the threat of this disease and contribute to a healthier society. However, it is crucial to understand the potential risks associated with polio vaccines and use them safely. Continue to stay informed about the latest research and consult with healthcare professionals for any concerns or questions you may have.

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
20
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
10
0
0
2
22
1.

Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine administered simultaneously with measles vaccine is associated with increased morbidity and poor growth in girls. A randomised trial from Guinea-Bissau.

Author: AgergaardJ, NanteE, PoulstrupG, NielsenJ, FlanaganK L, ØstergaardL, BennC S, AabyP

Improve growth
Reduce morbidity

This randomized trial investigated the effects of simultaneous vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines versus MMR only in children missing both vaccinations. The study found that MMR+DTP+OPV was associated with increased mortality in observational studies, and that the MMR+OPV group experienced less morbidity and grew better.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Does oral polio vaccine have non-specific effects on all-cause mortality? Natural experiments within a randomised controlled trial of early measles vaccine.

Author: AabyPeter, AndersenAndreas, MartinsCesário L, FiskerAne B, RodriguesAmabelia, WhittleHilton C, BennChristine S

OPV vaccine
None reported

This study investigated the non-specific effects (NSEs) of triple oral polio vaccine (OPV) by using a natural experiment approach, examining whether an unplanned intervention with the vaccine modified the estimated effect in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Nonspecific Effects of Oral Polio Vaccine on Diarrheal Burden and Etiology Among Bangladeshi Infants.

Author: Upfill-BrownAlexander, TaniuchiMami, Platts-MillsJames A, KirkpatrickBeth, BurgessStacey L, ObersteM Steven, WeldonWilliam, HouptEric, HaqueRashidul, ZamanK, PetriWilliam A

Non-specific immunity

The transition away from oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 2020 has led to interest in understanding the non-specific immunity provided by OPV to other infections, as this will help mitigate the consequences of the transition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

The effect of early measles vaccination on morbidity and growth: A randomised trial from Guinea-Bissau.

Author: SteinicheMette Møller, ThysenSanne Marie, JensenAksel Karl Georg, RodriguesAmabelia, MartinsCesario, MeyrowitschDan Wolf, AabyPeter, FiskerAne Bærent

Improved growth
Non-specific protection

Measles vaccine (MV) may protect against other infections, but this study found no significant effect of early MV on consultations or growth.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of maternal antibodies in infants on the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated polio vaccine in infants.

Author: GaoShuyu, WeiMingwei, ChuKai, LiJingxin, ZhuFengcai

IPV safety
Immune response impact

A study investigated the impact of maternal poliovirus antibodies on the immune response to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in infants. The presence of maternal poliovirus antibodies did not affect the safety of IPV but negatively impacted the immune responses in infants after IPV vaccination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Stopping Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) After Defeating Poliomyelitis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Harmful Unintended Consequences? Review of the Nonspecific Effects of OPV.

Author: AabyPeter, NielsenSebastian, FiskerAne B, PedersenLine M, WelagaPaul, HanifiSyed M A, MartinsCesario L, RodriguesAmabelia, ChumakovKonstantin, BennChristine S

Mortality reduction

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has potential nonspecific effects (NSEs) that could contribute to reduced mortality beyond its role in preventing polio infection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Effects of maternal antibodies in infants on the immunogenicity and safety of inactivated polio vaccine in infants.

Author: GaoShuyu, WeiMingwei, ChuKai, LiJingxin, ZhuFengcai

IPV safety
Immune response impact

A study investigated the impact of maternal poliovirus antibodies on the immune response to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in infants. The presence of maternal poliovirus antibodies did not affect the safety of IPV but negatively impacted the immune responses in infants after IPV vaccination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Nonspecific Effects of Oral Polio Vaccine on Diarrheal Burden and Etiology Among Bangladeshi Infants.

Author: Upfill-BrownAlexander, TaniuchiMami, Platts-MillsJames A, KirkpatrickBeth, BurgessStacey L, ObersteM Steven, WeldonWilliam, HouptEric, HaqueRashidul, ZamanK, PetriWilliam A

Non-specific immunity

The transition away from oral polio vaccine (OPV) in 2020 has led to interest in understanding the non-specific immunity provided by OPV to other infections, as this will help mitigate the consequences of the transition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Does oral polio vaccine have non-specific effects on all-cause mortality? Natural experiments within a randomised controlled trial of early measles vaccine.

Author: AabyPeter, AndersenAndreas, MartinsCesário L, FiskerAne B, RodriguesAmabelia, WhittleHilton C, BennChristine S

OPV vaccine
None reported

This study investigated the non-specific effects (NSEs) of triple oral polio vaccine (OPV) by using a natural experiment approach, examining whether an unplanned intervention with the vaccine modified the estimated effect in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

The immunological effects of oral polio vaccine provided with BCG vaccine at birth: a randomised trial.

Author: JensenKristoffer Jarlov, KarkovHanne Sophie, LundNajaaraq, AndersenAndreas, EriksenHelle Brander, BarbosaAmarildo Gomes, KantsøBjørn, AabyPeter, BennChristine Stabell

Immune suppression

This study investigated the non-specific effects of oral polio vaccine (OPV) on the immune response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Studies on a Hib-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine: effects of co-administered tetanus toxoid vaccine, of administration route and of combined administration with an inactivated polio vaccine.

Author: CarlssonR M, ClaessonB A, KäyhtyH, SelstamU, IwarsonS

Hib vaccine
Febrile events
Local reactions

A freeze-dried tetanus toxoid (T) conjugated Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine was administered to Swedish infants at three, five and 12 months of age. Antibody responses to Hib, D, T or polio were not negatively influenced by the administration route or by mixing with IPV, except that the mixed vaccine DT-IPV induced lower anti-polio titers after primary vaccination than did separate IPV. More local reactions were induced by the s.c. than by the i.m. route.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Genetic stability of oral polio vaccine prepared on primary monkey kidney cells or Vero cells--effects of passage in cell culture and the human gastrointestinal tract.

Author: ChezziC, DommannC J, BlackburnN K, MaseleseleE, McAnerneyJ, SchoubB D

The use of Vero cells as substrate for the manufacture of oral polio vaccine does not negatively influence the genetic stability of the three Sabin OPV strains in vivo or in vitro.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Effects of iodized oil on trivalent oral polio vaccine in vitro.

Author: BruningJ H, van NimwegenF W, OostvogelP, van SteenisG, CohenN

Treatment of iodine deficiency
Effects on vaccine efficacy

Iodized oil (IO) was found to have a potential effect on the infectivity of trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) in vitro, highlighting the need for further studies on its potential interaction with TOPV.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

A circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak in a chronic conflict setting: a descriptive epidemiological study in South Sudan - 2020 to 2021.

Author: TegegneAyesheshem Ademe, AnyuonAtem Nathan, LeggeGeorge Awzenio, FeredeMelisachew Adane, IsaacZingbondo, LakuKirbak Anthony, BiadgilignSibhatu, KiloOchan Taban David, NdenzakoFabian, ModjiromNdoutabe, OluOlushayo Oluseun, MaleghemiSylvester

Polio prevention
Low immunity
Vaccine-derived poliovirus

A circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak in South Sudan from 2020 to 2021 affected 59 people, primarily males under five years of age. The outbreak was attributed to low population immunity, highlighting the need for improved routine and polio immunization campaign coverage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Sabin polio virus protein 1 (VP1) evolution in patients with acute flaccid paralysis from 2010 to 2016 in Uganda.

Author: NantezaMary Bridget, BakamutumahoBarnabas, TushabePhionah, NamuwulyaProssy, BirungiMolly, DhatemwaRajab, ElikuJames Peter, TibanagwaMayi, KakoozaProscovia, BukenyaHenry, BwogiJosephine, ByabamazimaCharles Rutebarika

Mitigate risk of cVDPVs
Safer vaccine development

A study characterized mutations in the VP1 protein of polioviruses identified from stool specimens of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). The findings could contribute to efforts to mitigate the risk of vaccine-derived polioviruses and develop safer vaccines.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Response to Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Detected through Environmental Surveillance, Guatemala, 2019.

Author: RodríguezRodrigo, JuárezElisa, EstívarizConcepción F, CajasCoralia, Rey-BenitoGloria, AmézquitaMaría Olga Bautista, MilesStacey Jeffries, OrantesOscar, FreireMaría Cecilia, ChévezAna-Elena, SignorLeticia Castillo, SayyadLeanna, JarquinClaudia, CainEmilia, Villalobos RodríguezAndrea Patricia, MendozaLinda, OvandoCarlos A, MayorgaHaroldo de Jesús Barillas, GaitánEricka, ParedesAntonio, Belgasmi-AllenHanen, GobernLorena, RondyMarc

Polio-containing vaccine dose
Polio reemergence

Wastewater-based poliovirus surveillance in Guatemala detected three unrelated vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in 2019. A subsequent vaccination campaign resulted in 93% of children receiving a polio-containing vaccine dose. No new VDPVs were found, but the three isolated VDPVs were classified as ambiguous. This highlights the risk of poliomyelitis reemergence in countries with low vaccine coverage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Evaluation of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 SIA impact in a large outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in Nigeria.

Author: VoormanArend, LyonsHil, ShuabFaisal, AdamuUsman S, KorirCharles, ErbetoTesfaye, BandyopadhyayAnanda S, OkirorSamuel

Outbreak response
None reported

This article discusses the use of Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 (nOPV2) for controlling outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). nOPV2 has been used in response to a large outbreak in Nigeria, with over 350 million doses administered.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Factors Associated with Vaccine Refusal (Polio and Routine Immunization) in High-Risk Areas of Pakistan: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Author: SoofiSajid Bashir, VadsariaKhadija, MannanSara, HabibMuhammad Atif, TabassumFarhana, HussainImtiaz, MuhammadSajid, FerozKhalid, AhmedImran, IslamMuhammad, BhuttaZulfiqar A

Improved childhood immunization rates

This study evaluates social-behavioral and cultural barriers to childhood immunization in high-risk areas of poliovirus circulation in Pakistan. The study aims to identify key factors influencing vaccine refusal and develop strategies to improve immunization coverage in these vulnerable communities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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