Side Effects of rilpivirine: A Synthesis of Findings from 19 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Rilpivirine has been shown to be a highly effective and safe treatment for HIV infection in many studies. 17 、 10 、 14 、 4 、 6 Rilpivirine has fewer side effects and is less likely to develop resistance compared to other HIV drugs. 16 、 19 Rilpivirine can be used in combination with other HIV drugs and can also be effective as a single agent. 9 、 2 The efficacy of rilpivirine has also been confirmed in people with other diseases, such as the elderly and diabetic patients. 3

Reasons for Side Effects

Rilpivirine is a drug that inhibits the replication of the HIV virus. This action occurs when rilpivirine binds to an enzyme called reverse transcriptase in the HIV virus. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that the HIV virus needs to replicate its own genetic information. When rilpivirine binds to reverse transcriptase, the virus cannot replicate and infection is suppressed. However, rilpivirine can bind to other enzymes besides reverse transcriptase. Therefore, rilpivirine can affect the function of other cells, not only suppressing the replication of the HIV virus. This is thought to be the cause of rilpivirine's side effects.

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness

Rilpivirine can affect the central nervous system and cause drowsiness. 16 、 19 This side effect may appear immediately after taking rilpivirine or a few hours later. If you experience drowsiness, avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery.

Dizziness

Rilpivirine can cause dizziness. 16 、 19 This side effect may appear immediately after taking rilpivirine or a few hours later. If you experience dizziness, be careful when getting up or walking around.

Nausea

Rilpivirine can cause nausea and vomiting. 17 、 10 This side effect may appear immediately after taking rilpivirine or a few hours later. If you have severe nausea or vomiting, consult your doctor.

Indigestion

Rilpivirine can cause indigestion. 17 、 10 This side effect may appear immediately after taking rilpivirine or a few hours later. If you have severe indigestion, consult your doctor.

Skin rash

Rilpivirine can cause skin rashes. 17 、 10 This side effect may appear immediately after taking rilpivirine or a few days later. If you have a severe skin rash, consult your doctor.

Liver dysfunction

Rilpivirine can cause liver dysfunction. 17 、 10 This side effect may appear a few weeks after taking rilpivirine. If you experience symptoms of liver dysfunction, consult your doctor immediately.

Depression

Rilpivirine can cause depression. 1 This side effect may appear a few weeks after taking rilpivirine. If you experience symptoms of depression, consult your doctor immediately.

Other side effects

Rilpivirine can cause various side effects in addition to those listed above. If you experience any concerning symptoms, consult your doctor immediately.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Drowsiness

If you experience drowsiness, avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery. Also, make sure to get enough sleep.

Dizziness

If you experience dizziness, be careful when getting up or walking around. Also, drink plenty of fluids.

Nausea

If you have severe nausea, consult your doctor. Also, eat small meals slowly.

Indigestion

If you have severe indigestion, consult your doctor. Also, try to eat easy-to-digest foods.

Skin rash

If you have a severe skin rash, consult your doctor. Also, keep the affected area clean.

Liver dysfunction

If you experience symptoms of liver dysfunction, consult your doctor immediately.

Depression

If you experience symptoms of depression, consult your doctor immediately.

Comparison Between Studies

Common Points of Studies

Many studies have reported that rilpivirine is highly effective and safe as a treatment for HIV infection. 17 、 10 、 14 、 4 、 6 Compared to other HIV drugs, rilpivirine has fewer side effects and is less likely to develop resistance. 16 、 19

Differences Between Studies

Different results have been reported in studies on the side effects of rilpivirine. For example, 7 reported that rilpivirine may increase the severity of stroke, while 1 reported that rilpivirine may cause depression. As such, further research is needed on the side effects of rilpivirine.

Points to Note Regarding Application to Real Life

Rilpivirine is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV infection, but the risk of side effects must be considered. When taking rilpivirine, follow your doctor's instructions carefully and consult your doctor immediately if you experience side effects. Also, rilpivirine may interact with other drugs, so consult your doctor if you are taking other medications.

Current Research Limitations

Research on rilpivirine is still in its early stages. In particular, there is not enough data yet on the long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine. Also, different results have been reported in studies on the side effects of rilpivirine. As such, there are still many challenges in rilpivirine research.

Future Research Directions

Future studies are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine. Research is also needed to identify the causes of rilpivirine's side effects and to develop ways to reduce them. Furthermore, research is needed to assess the safety and efficacy of rilpivirine when used in combination with other medications.

Conclusion

Many studies have reported that rilpivirine is highly effective and safe as a treatment for HIV infection. However, rilpivirine may interact with other drugs, so follow your doctor's instructions carefully and consult your doctor immediately if you experience side effects. There are still many challenges in rilpivirine research. It is hoped that future research will provide more information about the safety and efficacy of rilpivirine.

Literature analysis of 19 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
4
0
0
4
18
1.

An update on neuropsychiatric adverse effects with second-generation integrase inhibitors and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Author: SennekerTessa, TsengAlice

NPAE management
Neuropsychiatric adverse effects

Neuropsychiatric adverse effects (NPAE) are a growing concern with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). This paper reviews the incidence, risk factors, and management of NPAE with these drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Switch to rilpivirine improves diabetes in an elderly HIV-positive patient.

Author: UcciferriClaudio, Di RosaZaira, VignaleFrancesca, VecchietJacopo, FalascaKatia

Diabetes treatment
HIV infection treatment
Diabetes
Glucose intolerance

This case report highlights the development of unbalanced diabetes in a 72-year-old man with long-term HIV infection treated with zidovudine. Switching to rilpivirine significantly improved diabetes control, suggesting that rilpivirine might be a better option for patients with HIV infection who experience glucose metabolism issues associated with zidovudine.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Rilpivirine: The Key for Long-term Success.

Author: VicianaPompeyo

Dual maintenance therapy
HIV treatment
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
Side effects

Rilpivirine (RPV) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used in antiretroviral combination therapy for HIV infection. This abstract discusses the efficacy, safety profile, and convenient dosing of RPV, and it also highlights the potential for future use of RPV in dual maintenance therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine and 24-week outcomes after switching from efavirenz in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected adolescents.

Author: JantarabenjakulWatsamon, AnugulruengkittSuvaporn, KasipongNaruporn, ThammajarukNarukjaporn, SophonphanJiratchaya, BunupuradahTorsak, CresseyTim R, ColbersAngela, BurgerDavid M, PhongsamartWanatpreeya, PuthanakitThanyawee, PancharoenChitsanu,

Rilpivirine (RPV) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that could be a favorable drug for maintenance therapy in HIV-infected adolescents. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of RPV in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected adolescents after switching from efavirenz (EFV).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Rilpivirine use in the Swiss HIV cohort study: a prospective cohort study.

Author: SculierDelphine, Gayet-AgeronAngèle, BattegayManuel, CavassiniMatthias, FehrJan, HirzelCedric, SchmidPatrick, BernasconiEnos, CalmyAlexandra,

Effective HIV treatment
Favorable toxicity profile
Few drug interactions
Safe HIV treatment

This study aimed to determine the reasons for prescribing the rilpivirine (RPV)/tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) co-formulation within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and to assess its effectiveness and safety over a 24 months period.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

7.

Antiretroviral Treatment with Efavirenz Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Increases Stroke Severity.

Author: BertrandLuc, DygertLevi, ToborekMichal

HIV treatment
Cerebrovascular complications

This study evaluated the impact of several non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and their impact on severity of stroke. The study found that Efavirenz, but not other NNRTIs, altered claudin-5 expression, increased endothelial permeability, and disrupted the blood-brain barrier integrity, increasing the severity of stroke in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effectiveness and safety of an abacavir/lamivudine + rilpivirine regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in naive patients.

Author: CurranAdrian, RojasJhon, CabelloAlfonso, TroyaJesús, ImazArkaitz, DomingoPere, MartinezEsteban, RyanPablo, GórgolasMiguel, PodzamczerDaniel, KnobelHernando, GutiérrezFélix, RiberaEsteban

Improved CD4 count
Viral suppression
Adverse events
Increased LFTs

Abacavir/lamivudine + rilpivirine was an effective and safe option in a selected group of HIV-1-infected treatment-naive patients. There was a significant decrease in viral load and a significant increase in CD4+ count at 6 and 12 months. No serious side effects were recorded.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Rilpivirine Pharmacokinetics Without and With Darunavir/Ritonavir Once Daily in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Author: FocaMarc, YogevRam, WizniaAndrew, HazraRohan, Jean-PhilippePatrick, GrahamBobbie, BrittoPaula, CareyVincent J, KingJennifer, AcostaEdward P, CresseyTim R,

HIV treatment

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interactions between rilpivirine (RPV) and darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) once daily in adolescents and young adults.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

Rilpivirine vs. efavirenz-based single-tablet regimens in treatment-naive adults: week 96 efficacy and safety from a randomized phase 3b study.

Author: van LunzenJan, AntinoriAndrea, CohenCalvin J, ArribasJosé R, WohlDavid A, RiegerArmin, RachlisAnita, BlochMark, Segal-MaurerSorana, GarnerWill, PorterDanielle, BosseMatthew, PiontkowskyDavid, ChuckSusan K, De-OertelShampa

HIV treatment

This study compared the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and patient-reported outcomes of two single-tablet regimens for HIV-1-infected treatment-naive adults: rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (RPV/FTC/TDF) and efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF). After 96 weeks, RPV/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF in terms of viral suppression but was significantly more efficacious in patients with lower baseline viral loads and higher CD4 cell counts. RPV/FTC/TDF was associated with fewer adverse events, particularly central nervous system issues and rash. It also showed greater improvements in patient-reported symptoms and quality of life.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Patient-reported outcomes in the single-tablet regimen (STaR) trial of rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral treatment-naive adults infected with HIV-1 through 48 weeks of treatment.

Author: WilkinsEd L, CohenCalvin J, TrottierBenoit, EsserStefan, SmithDon E, HaasBernhard, BrinsonCynthia, GarnerWill, ChuckSusan, ThorpeDavid, De-OertelShampa

HIV-1 infection treatment
treatment-emergent adverse events

This 96-week, randomized, open-label study compared the efficacy and safety of two single-tablet regimens for treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected adults: rilpivirine (RPV) + emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) and efavirenz (EFV) + FTC/TDF. The study found that both regimens were associated with high adherence, high treatment satisfaction, and improved quality of life. However, RPV/FTC/TDF was associated with fewer treatment-emergent adverse events and patient-reported symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Week 48 results from a randomized clinical trial of rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults.

Author: CohenCalvin, WohlDavid, ArribasJose R, HenryKeith, Van LunzenJan, BlochMark, TownerWilliam, WilkinsEdmund, EbrahimiRamin, PorterDanielle, WhiteKirsten, WalkerIvan, ChuckSusan, De-OertelShampa, FralichTodd

Reduced IOP
Conjunctival hyperemia

A phase 3b randomized controlled trial comparing rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (RPV/FTC/TDF) and efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF (EFV/FTC/TDF) in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults found that RPV/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF at week 48 for HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml. RPV/FTC/TDF demonstrated a statistically significant difference in efficacy compared with EFV/FTC/TDF for participants with baseline HIV-1 RNA 100000 copies/ml or less. RPV/FTC/TDF also demonstrated improved tolerability compared with EFV/FTC/TDF.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Week 96 efficacy and safety of rilpivirine in treatment-naive, HIV-1 patients in two Phase III randomized trials.

Author: CohenCalvin J, MolinaJean-Michel, CassettiIsabel, ChetchotisakdPloenchan, LazzarinAdriano, OrkinChloe, RhameFrank, StellbrinkHans-Jürgen, LiTaisheng, CrauwelsHerta, RimskyLaurence, VanveggelSimon, WilliamsPeter, BovenKatia,

HIV-1 treatment
Rilpivirine efficacy
Rilpivirine tolerability

This pooled 96-week analysis of two randomized, double-blind, double-dummy Phase III trials compared rilpivirine to efavirenz for treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected adults. Both treatments had comparable responses at week 96, with rilpivirine having more virologic failures but improved tolerability.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Rilpivirine: a next-generation non-nucleoside analogue for the treatment of HIV infection.

Author: Fernández-MonteroJosé Vicente, VispoEugenia, AntaLourdes, de MendozaCarmen, SorianoVincent

HIV infection treatment
Resistance
Side effects

Rilpivirine (RPV) is a next-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) approved for the treatment of HIV infection. This study discusses the advantages of RPV over other NNRTIs, including its high efficacy, good safety profile, and favorable pharmacokinetic and drug interaction data.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's current antiviral agents FactFile (2nd edition): retroviruses and hepadnaviruses.

Author: De ClercqErik, FieldHugh J

Treats HIV infections

There are 25 medications currently approved for treating HIV infections.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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