Side Effects of sildenafil: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Sildenafil is a drug widely used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, sildenafil can cause a number of side effects.

Studies have shown that sildenafil can cause oxidative stress in the liver and testicles. 16 In addition, sildenafil can cause liver failure when taken at high doses. 22 Sildenafil can also lower blood pressure due to its vasodilatory effects, as seen in 11 . Sildenafil can also cause visual disturbances. 25 In this case, visual disturbances can last for more than 24 hours.

In addition, sildenafil can affect the fetus when taken by pregnant women. 12 Sildenafil can inhibit fetal growth or cause premature birth.

Some studies have suggested that sildenafil is a safe drug for patients with heart disease. 14 However, patients with heart disease should be aware of the side effects of sildenafil.

Reasons for side effects

The side effects of sildenafil are caused by how the drug works in the body. Sildenafil works by inhibiting the breakdown of a substance called cGMP. cGMP has the effect of dilating blood vessels and relaxing smooth muscles. By inhibiting the breakdown of cGMP, sildenafil prolongs these effects.

However, inhibiting the breakdown of cGMP by sildenafil can cause some side effects. For example, sildenafil can lower blood pressure by dilating blood vessels. Sildenafil can also cause digestive problems and visual disturbances by relaxing smooth muscles.

Common side effects

Headache

One common side effect of sildenafil is headache. Headache may be caused by sildenafil dilating blood vessels. 11

Digestive effects

One common side effect of sildenafil is digestive effects. Digestive effects may be caused by sildenafil relaxing smooth muscles. 11 Digestive problems include indigestion, nausea, and vomiting.

Visual disturbances

One common side effect of sildenafil is visual disturbances. Visual disturbances may be caused by sildenafil dilating blood vessels in the retina. 25 Visual disturbances include decreased vision, color vision changes, and photosensitivity.

Low blood pressure

One common side effect of sildenafil is low blood pressure. 11 Low blood pressure can be caused by sildenafil dilating blood vessels. Low blood pressure can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting.

Liver effects

Sildenafil can affect the liver. Sildenafil can cause oxidative stress in the liver. 16 Sildenafil can also cause liver failure when taken at high doses. 22

Other side effects

Other side effects of sildenafil include nasal congestion, rash, and muscle aches. 11

Countermeasures for side effects

Countermeasures for headache

If you experience a headache as a side effect of sildenafil, you can try resting, drinking plenty of fluids, and taking pain relievers. 11

Countermeasures for digestive effects

If you experience digestive effects as a side effect of sildenafil, you can try dietary changes or medication. 11 Dietary changes include avoiding fatty foods and eating foods that are easy to digest. Medications include antacids and digestive enzymes.

Countermeasures for visual disturbances

If you experience visual disturbances as a side effect of sildenafil, you should see a doctor. 25 If your visual disturbances are severe, you may need treatment.

Countermeasures for low blood pressure

If you experience low blood pressure as a side effect of sildenafil, you should see a doctor. 11 Low blood pressure can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. If your blood pressure is low, your doctor may prescribe medication to raise your blood pressure.

Countermeasures for liver effects

If you experience liver effects as a side effect of sildenafil, you should see a doctor. 16 If your liver effects are severe, you may need treatment.

Comparison of studies

Commonalities of studies

These studies share the commonality that sildenafil can lower blood pressure because it has vasodilatory effects. 11

Differences in studies

There are some differences in studies on the side effects of sildenafil. For example, 16 found that sildenafil can cause oxidative stress in the liver and testicles. On the other hand, 22 found that sildenafil can cause liver failure when taken at high doses.

Cautions about applying research results to real life

Sildenafil is an effective drug for treating erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, sildenafil can cause a number of side effects. It is important to consult with your doctor before taking sildenafil. 12 Pregnant women in particular should consult with their doctor about taking sildenafil.

Limitations of current research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of sildenafil. More research is needed.

Future research directions

Further research is needed on the side effects of sildenafil. In particular, research on the long-term effects of sildenafil is needed. Also, because the side effects of sildenafil can vary from person to person, research is needed to reduce the risk of side effects.

Conclusion

Sildenafil is an effective drug for treating erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, sildenafil can cause a number of side effects. It is important to consult with your doctor before taking sildenafil.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Treat erectile dysfunction
1
PAH treatment
3
Erectile dysfunction treatment
4
COVID-19 treatment
5
Medical research analysis
6
Obesity treatment
7
Reduced sexual dysfunction
8
Erectile dysfunction treatment
9
Erectile dysfunction treatment
10
Erectile dysfunction treatment
Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment
11
Fetal growth
Pregnancy complications
12
Treat pulmonary hypertension
13
Non-cardiovascular treatment
14
Weight loss
15
Hepatic protection
Testicular protection
16
Anticancer effects
17
PAH treatment
PDE5 inhibitors
Vasorelaxant effect
18
Neonatal pulmonary hypertension
19
Improved patient compliance
Pulmonary sildenafil delivery
Reduced systemic side effects
21
Erectile dysfunction treatment
22
Improved attention
Reduced aggression
Reduced impulsivity
23
Frequent ophthalmological screening
24
ED treatment
25
Effective treatment for pulmonary hypertension
26
Treat erectile dysfunction
27
Risk Keywords
Arthralgia
Dyspepsia
Flushing
Headache
Palpitation
1
Priapism
2
Systemic side effects
3
Priapism
4
Drug-drug interactions
5
Harmful side effects
Trust in medical research
6
Drug side effects
7
Limited research
8
Health risks
Overdose
9
Adverse effects
Recreational use
10
Maternal side effects
12
Sildenafil resistance
13
Adulteration
Safety concerns
15
Sildenafil side effects
16
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
17
Hepatocyte toxicity
18
Fulminant hepatic failure
Hepatitis
Liver toxicity
22
Amiodarone side effects
Coarctation of the aorta
Cyanosis
Endocarditis
Ocular abnormalities
Sildenafil side effects
24
visual disturbances
25
Arthralgia
Dyspepsia
Flushing
Headache
Palpitation
27
Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
7
Article Type
5
0
1
6
25
1.

Evaluation of side effects of sildenafil in group of young healthy volunteers.

Author: DündarM, KoçakI, DündarS O, ErolH

Treat erectile dysfunction
Arthralgia
Dyspepsia
Flushing
Headache
Palpitation

Sildenafil, a drug for erectile dysfunction, showed a statistically significant increase in heart rate and common side effects like flushing, headache, and dyspepsia in sexually active volunteers, even without sexual stimulation. While these side effects may be acceptable, potential users should be informed of their likelihood.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Priapism caused by "Rhino 7 Platinum 3000" an over-the-counter male enhancement supplement.

Author: MittakantiHarsha R, ElliottChristopher S

Priapism

Male enhancement and erectile dysfunction supplements, often lacking FDA approval, can cause serious side effects like priapism. A case report highlights the potential dangers of Rhino 7 Platinum 3000, which was found to contain sildenafil, a non-labeled ingredient.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Studies on metal-organic framework (MOF) nanomedicine preparations of sildenafil for the future treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Author: MohamedNura A, Abou-SalehHaissam, KamenoYu, MareiIsra, de NucciGilberto, Ahmetaj-ShalaBlerina, ShalaFisnik, KirkbyNicholas S, JenningsLewis, Al-AnsariDana E, DaviesRobert P, LickissPaul D, MitchellJane A

PAH treatment
Systemic side effects

A novel nanoformulation, Sil@nanoMIL-89, has been developed for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. This formulation releases sildenafil over 6 hours followed by a more sustained release over 72 hours. It shows no significant toxicity in human blood outgrowth endothelial cells at concentrations up to 100µg/ml but reduces the viability of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells at concentrations above 3µg/ml.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Drugs in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: Predicting Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using In Vitro Assays and Real-World Data.

Author: YeeSook Wah, VoraBianca, OskotskyTomiko, ZouLing, JakobsenSebastian, EnogieruOsatohanmwen J, KoleskeMegan L, KostiIdit, RödinMattias, SirotaMarina, GiacominiKathleen M

COVID-19 treatment
Drug-drug interactions

This study looked at the potential for 25 drugs used to treat COVID-19 to interact with other medications. It found that many of these drugs could potentially cause problems if taken with other drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Inadequate evaluation of potential side effects of sildenafil in preterm stopped Dutch trial.

Author: BijlDick, HealyDavid

Medical research analysis
Harmful side effects
Trust in medical research

This article discusses a drug trial that was stopped early because of harmful side effects. The article highlights the importance of careful communication of research findings to patients and the public to maintain trust in medical research.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Evaluation of Browning Agents on the White Adipogenesis of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Contribution to Fighting Obesity.

Author: Di MaioGirolamo, AlessioNicola, DemirsoyIbrahim Halil, PelusoGianfranco, PerrottaSilverio, MondaMarcellino, Di BernardoGiovanni

Obesity treatment
Drug side effects

This study evaluated the effects of various browning agents during white adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Rosiglitazone and sildenafil showed promising browning effects, suggesting potential for treating obesity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Management of Antipsychotic-Related Sexual Dysfunction: Systematic Review.

Author: AllenKirsty, BabanAlan, MunjizaJasna, PappaSofia

Reduced sexual dysfunction
Limited research

There is limited evidence-based guidance on the management of antipsychotic-related sexual dysfunction, with only 6 randomized controlled trials identified.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

Survey on Sildenafil, Tadalafil, and Vardenafil Concentrations in Food Supplements for Erectile Dysfunction.

Author: Petkova-GueorguievaElina, GueorguievStanislav, LebanovaHristina, MadzharovVasil, MihaylovaAnna

Erectile dysfunction treatment
Health risks
Overdose

Undeclared sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil were found in 70% of the analyzed food supplements for erectile dysfunction, raising concerns about potential overdose and health risks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Recreational Use of Oral PDE5 Inhibitors: The Other Side of Midnight.

Author: MostafaTaymour, AlghobaryMoheiddin F

Erectile dysfunction treatment
Adverse effects
Recreational use

This study sheds light on the recreational use of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) for enhancing sexual performance. It highlights the potential adverse effects of such abuse and emphasizes the need for media and health authorities to be aware of these risks and strengthen regulatory activity to protect consumers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Sildenafil 4.0-Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era.

Author: OuranidisAndreas, TsiaxerliAnastasia, VardakaElisavet, MarkopoulouCatherine K, ZacharisConstantinos K, NicolaouIoannis, HatzichristouDimitris, HaidichAnna-Bettina, KostomitsopoulosNikolaos, KachrimanisKyriakos

Erectile dysfunction treatment
Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment

Sildenafil, a potent PDE5 inhibitor, has revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review comprehensively discusses the drug's chemistry, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, and formulation approaches for different administration routes. It highlights the importance of understanding the complex pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of sildenafil for optimal patient care.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Sildenafil during the 2nd and 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy: Trials and Tribulations.

Author: De BieFelix Rafael, BasurtoDavid, KumarSailesh, DeprestJan, RussoFrancesca Maria

Fetal growth
Pregnancy complications
Maternal side effects

Sildenafil is a medication that can be used during pregnancy for various conditions, including pulmonary hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm labor, and fetal growth restriction. It has been shown to be safe for the fetus in most cases, but it can cause mild side effects for the mother.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Beneficial Extracardiac Effects of Cardiovascular Medications.

Author: ButtAsra K, PatelJay, ShirwanyHamid, MirzaQasim, HooverJonathan, KhouzamRami N

Non-cardiovascular treatment

This review article discusses how the various extracardiovascular effects of commonly used cardiovascular medications are put to use in managing non-cardiovascular conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Over-the-Counter Herbal Weight Loss Supplements in Egypt: Label Claim, Microbiological and Pharmaceutical Quality, and Safety Assessments.

Author: AhmedNada, NounouMohamed Ismail, AbouelfetouhAlaa, El-KamelAmal

Weight loss
Adulteration
Safety concerns

This study designed a comprehensive evaluation system to assess the safety, efficacy, authenticity according to label claim, and pharmaceutical quality of herbal slimming products.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

17.

Sildenafil enhances cisplatin-induced apoptosis in human breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Author: HassanvandFariba, MohammadiTannaz, AyoubzadehNegar, TavakoliAtieh, HassanzadehNaiemeh, SanikhaniNafiseh Sadat, AzimiAli Ipakchi, MirzaeiHamid Reza, KhodamoradiMehdi, GoudarziKazem Abbaszadeh, PourghadamyariHossein, ZaimyMohamad Ali

Anticancer effects
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

This study investigates the antitumor activity of sildenafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor, alone and in combination with cisplatin on human mammary adenocarcinomas.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Quinazoline-based human phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors exhibited a selective vasorelaxant effect on rat isolated pulmonary arteries involving NO-sGC-cGMP pathway and calcium inhibitory effects.

Author: ChatturongUsana, MartinHélène, TotosonPerle, IngkaninanKornkanok, TemkitthawonPrapapan, SermsenaphornSaharat, SomarinThanachon, KonsueAdchatawut, GleesonM Paul, DemougeotCéline, ChootipKrongkarn

PAH treatment
PDE5 inhibitors
Vasorelaxant effect
Hepatocyte toxicity

Two novel quinazoline-based PDE5 inhibitors, compounds 5 and 11, show good selectivity for pulmonary arteries, suggesting potential for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Their vasorelaxant effect involves both nitric oxide-sGC-cGMP pathway and calcium inhibition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Oral versus intravenous sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates: a randomized trial.

Author: ChetanChinmay, SuryawanshiPradeep, PatnaikSuprabha, SoniNaharmal B, RathChandra, PareekPrince, GuptaBhvya, GaregratReema, VermaArjun, SinghYogen

Neonatal pulmonary hypertension

This study compared the efficacy of oral versus intravenous sildenafil in infants with mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension. The objective was to assess which form, oral or intravenous, is more effective and safe in the context of limited access to inhaled nitric oxide.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Prophylactic Sildenafil in Preterm Infants at Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Author: AbounahiaFouad F, Abu-JarirRawia, AbounahiaMohamed F, Al-BadriyehDaoud, AbushanabDina, Abu-GhalwaMahmoud, MansourAshraf, KurdiBader, Al-RifaiHilal

Oral sildenafil did not demonstrate any benefits in preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or death in extremely and very preterm infants. While the drug was not associated with side effects, future studies are warranted to determine the optimal dosing and efficacy regimens of sildenafil before it can be recommended for BPD prevention.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Formulation and evaluation of carrier-free dry powder inhaler containing sildenafil.

Author: NguyenThi-Tram, YiEun-Jin, HwangKyu-Mok, ChoCheol-Hee, ParkChun-Woong, KimJu-Young, RheeYun-Seok, ParkEun-Seok

Improved patient compliance
Pulmonary sildenafil delivery
Reduced systemic side effects

This study developed a carrier-free dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation of sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The study found that the optimal DPI formulation determined from experimental design possesses excellent aerodynamic performance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Screening for drugs to reduce zebrafish aggression identifies caffeine and sildenafil.

Author: GutiérrezHéctor Carreño, VaccaIrene, SchoenmackerGido, ClealMadeleine, TochwinAnna, O'ConnorBethan, YoungAndrew M J, VasquezAlejandro Arias, WinterMatthew J, ParkerMatthew O, NortonWilliam H J

Improved attention
Reduced aggression
Reduced impulsivity

This study used a zebrafish model to identify drugs that could reduce aggression without affecting locomotion. Caffeine and sildenafil were identified as potential candidates. Caffeine reduced aggression but also decreased attention and increased impulsivity. Sildenafil had the opposite effect, increasing attention and reducing impulsivity. These findings suggest that zebrafish are a valuable model for screening novel drugs to treat aggression.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

The eye in CHD.

Author: Nasir-AhmadSubha, CordinaRachael, LiewGerald, McCluskeyPeter, CelermajerDavid

Frequent ophthalmological screening
Amiodarone side effects
Coarctation of the aorta
Cyanosis
Endocarditis
Ocular abnormalities
Sildenafil side effects

This review focuses on ocular abnormalities in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). Cyanosis, coarctation of the aorta, and endocarditis can lead to retinal vascular changes, while drugs used to manage CHD, such as sildenafil and amiodarone, also pose ocular risks. The prevalence of these issues underscores the need for frequent ophthalmological screening in adults with CHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

Comparison of the therapeutic effects and side effects of tadalafil and sildenafil after surgery in young infants with pulmonary arterial hypertension due to systemic-to-pulmonary shunts.

Author: SabriMohammad Reza, BigdelianHamid, HosseinzadehMohsen, AhmadiAlireza, GhaderianMehdi, ShojaMohammad

Effective treatment for pulmonary hypertension

Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor, is effective for treating pulmonary hypertension in young infants with congenital heart disease (CHD). Tadalafil can be administered at a once-daily dose with an efficacy and safety profile similar to sildenafil.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

Evaluation of side effects of sildenafil in group of young healthy volunteers.

Author: DündarM, KoçakI, DündarS O, ErolH

Treat erectile dysfunction
Arthralgia
Dyspepsia
Flushing
Headache
Palpitation

Sildenafil, a drug for erectile dysfunction, showed a statistically significant increase in heart rate and common side effects like flushing, headache, and dyspepsia in sexually active volunteers, even without sexual stimulation. While these side effects may be acceptable, potential users should be informed of their likelihood.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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