Effective treatment of smokeless tobacco: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Effective treatment of smokeless tobacco
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Effective treatment of smokeless tobacco: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Effective treatment of smokeless tobacco: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Key Findings

Smokeless tobacco (ST) is associated with adverse health consequences, including an increased risk of oral cancer, heart disease, and stroke. 7 , 9 . Effective treatment options for ST users are limited, especially for those who are not ready to quit altogether. 16 , 13 . However, several studies suggest that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), particularly nicotine lozenges, holds promise in aiding cessation and alleviating withdrawal symptoms. 8 , 20 , 14 , . These studies demonstrate that nicotine lozenges can reduce ST-related withdrawal symptoms and even decrease ST usage. 7 , 20 , . However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of other pharmacotherapies, such as bupropion and varenicline. 21 , 9 .

Treatment Summary

Nicotine lozenges have shown promise in assisting cessation and mitigating withdrawal symptoms associated with ST use. 8 , 20 , 14 , . They have also been demonstrated to reduce ST-related withdrawal symptoms and even decrease ST usage. 7 , 20 , . The effectiveness of other pharmacotherapies, such as bupropion and varenicline, requires further investigation. 21 , 9 . Behavioral therapies, like telephone counseling and self-help materials, have also shown efficacy in supporting cessation efforts. 14 , 3 .

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Nicotine lozenges can potentially lessen withdrawal symptoms caused by ST use and decrease ST usage. 7 , 20 , . Behavioral therapies like telephone counseling and self-help materials can effectively support cessation efforts. 14 , 3 . These approaches can help reduce the health risks associated with ST use.

Risks Summary

The use of nicotine lozenges may lead to side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and headaches. 8 . They can also potentially worsen nicotine dependence. Therefore, it is crucial to follow a doctor's instructions when using nicotine lozenges. Other pharmacotherapies and behavioral therapies may also carry unique risks, so consulting a physician or healthcare professional is vital.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Many studies consistently indicate that nicotine lozenges effectively alleviate withdrawal symptoms and reduce ST usage. 8 , 20 , 14 , . Furthermore, telephone counseling and self-help materials have proven effective in supporting cessation efforts. 14 , 3 .

Differences

The efficacy and side effects of nicotine lozenges, as well as the effectiveness of behavioral therapies, can vary across studies. 8 , 20 , 14 , , 3 . These differences could be attributed to variations in study participants, treatment methods, and study designs.

Consistency and Inconsistencies in Findings

The finding that nicotine lozenges aid cessation and mitigate withdrawal symptoms is consistent across multiple studies. 8 , 20 , 14 , . However, the efficacy of nicotine lozenges in reducing ST usage demonstrates variability across studies. . These discrepancies could be related to differences in study participants or treatment methodologies.

Real-World Considerations

Individuals seeking to cease ST use should consult a physician or healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. 16 . While nicotine lozenges can assist with cessation and reduce withdrawal symptoms, it is crucial to be aware of their potential side effects. 8 . Behavioral therapies can also be effective, but they require sustained effort. 14 , 3 . To identify the most suitable treatment approach, adhering to physician or professional advice and engaging actively in therapy are essential.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on ST treatment is still insufficient. 16 . More research is required, especially regarding long-term efficacy and safety. 9 . Additionally, developing treatment options specifically for individuals who are not ready to quit entirely remains a crucial future direction. .

Future Research Directions

To advance ST treatment, further research is needed to evaluate long-term efficacy and safety, develop treatment options for individuals not ready to quit, and investigate the combined effects of various treatment approaches. 16 , 9 , .

Conclusion

ST use presents significant health risks, highlighting the need for effective cessation treatments. 7 , 9 . Nicotine lozenges offer a potential treatment option, assisting with cessation and reducing withdrawal symptoms. 8 , 20 , 14 , . However, ST treatment remains under-developed. 16 . Individuals seeking to quit ST should consult a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable treatment approach. 16 . Further research is critical to advance ST treatment options. 16 , 9 , .

Treatment List

Nicotine lozenges, bupropion, varenicline, telephone counseling, self-help materials

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
23
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
4
Article Type
19
0
0
2
27
1.

Effects of treatment on cardiovascular risk among smokeless tobacco users.

Author: AllenS S, HatsukamiD, JensenJ, GrilloM, BlissR

Cardiovascular risk

Smokeless tobacco use is associated with sustained nicotine levels in young men, raising concerns about cardiovascular risks. The effectiveness of nicotine replacement in reducing cardiovascular risks associated with smokeless tobacco cessation needs to be investigated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Effects of behavioral and pharmacological treatment on smokeless tobacco users.

Author: HatsukamiD, JensenJ, AllenS, GrilloM, BlissR

Effective treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms

Group behavioral therapy was more effective than minimal contact in helping people quit smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine gum was not effective in improving abstinence rates but did reduce withdrawal symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

Evaluating two self-help interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation.

Author: SeversonH H, AkersL, AndrewsJ A, LichtensteinE, JeromeA

Improved smokeless tobacco cessation rates

This study compared two self-help programs for quitting smokeless tobacco (ST). One group received a computer-based program called LifeSign, while the other group received a self-help manual and video. Both groups also received telephone support. At two and six months, 24.5% of those who used the manual and video had quit, compared to 18.4% of those who used the LifeSign program.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Smokeless tobacco brand switching: a means to reduce toxicant exposure?

Author: HatsukamiD K, EbbertJ O, AndersonA, LinH, LeC, HechtS S

Reduced smokeless tobacco use
Smokeless tobacco use

This study evaluated the effects of switching smokeless tobacco (ST) brands on biomarkers of ST exposure and on ST use. Participants seeking to reduce their use were assigned to either switch to brands with progressively lower nicotine levels or to a control group. Switching brands led to significant reductions in biomarkers of ST use, as well as decreased frequency and duration of use. At 12 weeks, 26% of those in the group allowed to use ST freely were biochemically verified as abstaining from tobacco. This suggests that switching brands may be a useful step for people who are not ready to quit ST completely.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

5.

Pilot study on lower nitrosamine smokeless tobacco products compared with medicinal nicotine.

Author: Mendoza-BaumgartM Irene, TulunayOzlem E, HechtStephen S, ZhangYan, MurphySharon, LeChap, JensenJoni, HatsukamiDorothy K

Reduced toxicant exposure
Smokeless tobacco use

Smokeless tobacco (ST) products are being considered as a harm reduction method for cigarette smokers, as they deliver fewer harmful chemicals than cigarettes, but they are not completely safe. Two small studies compared two types of ST products (Exalt and Ariva) with nicotine lozenges. Exalt had higher levels of cancer-causing chemicals than the lozenges, while Ariva had similar levels to the lozenges. The effects of the products on cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and physiological responses were similar. People preferred Ariva over the lozenges, which were preferred over Exalt. Overall, low-nitrosamine ST products may reduce exposure to harmful chemicals compared to other reduced-exposure products and have potential for reducing disease risk. However, the impact of marketing these products as lower risk is unknown. More research is needed, as well as regulation of tobacco products.

Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

7.

A randomized clinical trial of nicotine lozenge for smokeless tobacco use.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, CroghanIvana T, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R

Decreased nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Decreased tobacco craving

4-mg nicotine lozenge increased self-reported, but not biochemically confirmed, tobacco abstinence rates in smokeless tobacco users.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

8.

A pilot study of mailed nicotine lozenges with assisted self-help for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, CroghanIvana T, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R

Feasible treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
Minimal adverse events

This clinical pilot study evaluated the feasibility and safety of mailing nicotine lozenges to smokeless tobacco users.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

9.

A pilot study of the efficacy of varenicline for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users in Midwestern United States.

Author: EbbertJon O, CroghanIvana T, SeversonHerbert H, SchroederDarrell R, HaysJ Taylor

ST treatment

Long-term use of smokeless tobacco (ST) increases the risk of oral and throat cancer, heart attacks, and strokes. While varenicline has been shown to help Swedish smokeless tobacco users quit, this study investigates whether it can also help people quit smokeless tobacco in the Midwestern United States.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

Comparing an immediate cessation versus reduction approach to smokeless tobacco cessation.

Author: SchillerKatherine R, LuoXianghua, AndersonAmanda J, JensenJoni A, AllenSharon S, HatsukamiDorothy K

Treatment of smokeless tobacco use

This study compared two approaches to treating smokeless tobacco (ST) use in people who did not plan to quit immediately: 1) reducing ST use, and 2) immediately stopping ST use. There is limited research on treating ST users who are not ready to quit completely.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

11.

A comparison of three smokeless tobacco dependence measures.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R, GloverElbert D

Improved assessment of ST dependence

This study compared three different scales for assessing smokeless tobacco (ST) dependence: the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire for Smokeless Tobacco (FTQ-ST), the Severson Smokeless Tobacco Dependency Scale (SSTDS), and the Glover-Nilsson Smokeless Tobacco Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-STBQ). The SSTDS was found to be the most effective in predicting withdrawal and craving, while the FTQ-ST appeared to measure physical dependence. The GN-STBQ and SSTDS may be more useful in clinical settings as they measure broader constructs of dependence.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

12.

Comparative effectiveness of the nicotine lozenge and tobacco-free snuff for smokeless tobacco reduction.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, CroghanIvana T, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R

Reduced ST use

This study compared nicotine lozenges and tobacco-free snuff for reducing smokeless tobacco (ST) use in people who didn't plan to quit in the next 30 days. Both groups showed a significant decrease in ST use over 26 weeks, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Both treatments were effective in reducing ST use and were comparable in their ability to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms. While a small number of people in both groups quit completely, the study suggests that both nicotine lozenges and tobacco-free snuff can be effective for reducing ST use in people who aren't ready to quit.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

13.

A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of varenicline for smokeless tobacco dependence in India.

Author: JainRaka, JhanjeeSonali, JainVeena, GuptaTina, MittalSwati, GoelzPatricia, WileytoE Paul, SchnollRobert A

Reduced smokeless tobacco use
Side effects

Varenicline was safe and effective for treating smokeless tobacco dependence in India, with a higher self-reported abstinence rate compared to placebo. Further research is warranted.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

14.

Randomized trial of nicotine lozenges and phone counseling for smokeless tobacco cessation.

Author: SeversonHerbert H, DanaherBrian G, EbbertJon O, van MeterNora, LichtensteinEdward, WiddopChris, CrowleyRyann, AkersLaura, SeeleyJohn R

ST cessation

There are limited treatment options for people who use smokeless tobacco (ST) and want to quit. Self-help materials, phone counseling, and nicotine lozenges have shown promise. This study examines the effects of phone counseling and nicotine lozenges separately and together for quitting smokeless tobacco.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use.

Author: EbbertJon O, FagerstromKarl

Craving reduction
Tobacco abstinence
Withdrawal symptom relief

This review discusses pharmacotherapies for smokeless tobacco (SLT) users who want to quit. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion sustained release have been shown to be effective in the short term, but varenicline is the only medication shown to increase long-term abstinence rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

A pilot study of the efficacy of varenicline for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users in Midwestern United States.

Author: EbbertJon O, CroghanIvana T, SeversonHerbert H, SchroederDarrell R, HaysJ Taylor

ST treatment

Long-term use of smokeless tobacco (ST) increases the risk of oral and throat cancer, heart attacks, and strokes. While varenicline has been shown to help Swedish smokeless tobacco users quit, this study investigates whether it can also help people quit smokeless tobacco in the Midwestern United States.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

A pilot study of mailed nicotine lozenges with assisted self-help for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, CroghanIvana T, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R

Feasible treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
Minimal adverse events

This clinical pilot study evaluated the feasibility and safety of mailing nicotine lozenges to smokeless tobacco users.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

20.

Nicotine lozenges for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use.

Author: EbbertJon O, DaleLowell C, SeversonHerbert, CroghanIvana T, RasmussenDonna F, SchroederDarrell R, Vander WegMark W, HurtRichard D

Craving reduction
Tobacco abstinence
Withdrawal symptom relief

Nicotine lozenges, while effective for cigarette smokers, have not been evaluated for smokeless tobacco (ST) users. An open-label trial suggests the 4-mg nicotine lozenge may be promising for treating withdrawal symptoms and craving in ST users, leading to a 53% abstinence rate at 12 weeks and 47% at 6 months.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Bupropion SR for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use.

Author: DaleLowell C, EbbertJon O, GloverElbert D, CroghanIvana T, SchroederDarrell R, SeversonHerbert H, HurtRichard D

Smokeless tobacco cessation
Tobacco abstinence

Bupropion SR, a medication for smoking cessation, is being evaluated for its efficacy and safety in reducing smokeless tobacco (ST) use. No pharmacotherapies have been shown to effectively increase long-term abstinence rates for ST users, but bupropion SR shows potential in pilot studies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

22.

Residential treatment for smokeless tobacco use: a case series.

Author: EbbertJon O, DaleLowell C, VickersKristin S, GauvinThomas R, BungeNadene E, HurtRichard D

ST abstinence
Smokeless tobacco use

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-day residential treatment program for smokeless tobacco (ST) use. A multidisciplinary team delivered behavioral treatment, nicotine patches were adjusted to achieve 100% replacement of baseline peak serum nicotine concentrations, and bupropion sustained-release was prescribed. At 1 year, the biochemically-confirmed self-reported 7-day point prevalence tobacco abstinence rate was 58%.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

24.

Prevention and treatment of smokeless tobacco use.

Author: HatsukamiD K, BoyleR G

Improved cessation rates
Smokeless tobacco cessation
Smokeless tobacco use

School-based prevention programs for smokeless tobacco users show promising results. Intervention in the dental office and group behavioral treatment may improve cessation rates. Pharmacological treatment with nicotine gum is not effective.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Effects of behavioral and pharmacological treatment on smokeless tobacco users.

Author: HatsukamiD, JensenJ, AllenS, GrilloM, BlissR

Effective treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms

Group behavioral therapy was more effective than minimal contact in helping people quit smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine gum was not effective in improving abstinence rates but did reduce withdrawal symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

Effects of treatment on cardiovascular risk among smokeless tobacco users.

Author: AllenS S, HatsukamiD, JensenJ, GrilloM, BlissR

Cardiovascular risk

Smokeless tobacco use is associated with sustained nicotine levels in young men, raising concerns about cardiovascular risks. The effectiveness of nicotine replacement in reducing cardiovascular risks associated with smokeless tobacco cessation needs to be investigated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.