Side Effects of sodium bicarbonate: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to be effective in improving exercise performance. However, there is inconsistency in research findings regarding whether the improvement in exercise performance with sodium bicarbonate ingestion is synergistic when combined with caffeine. Out of eight studies, only one study found an additive effect of combined ingestion of both supplements. 5

Sodium bicarbonate alone has varying effects depending on the ingestion method, and in some cases, no performance-enhancing effect was observed. 5

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion often causes gastrointestinal side effects, which may negatively impact exercise performance. 5

Sodium bicarbonate is effective for urinary alkalinization during high-dose methotrexate administration, but oral administration is an option during drug shortages. 17

Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes used to treat heart disease and hyperkalemia. 16

Sodium bicarbonate can help improve lactic acidosis. 21

Sodium bicarbonate can also aid in the treatment of infections by promoting alkalinization. 11

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of sodium bicarbonate are thought to be caused by a rapid increase in blood bicarbonate levels, leading to decreased ionized serum calcium, increased blood carbon dioxide pressure, and a paradoxical decrease in intracellular pH. 21

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal side effects such as abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain have been reported with sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 6 17 4 5 19 8 1 13

Metabolic

Metabolic alkalosis can occur with sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 18 21

Respiratory

Respiratory side effects have also been reported with sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 14

Other

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion can cause hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, and high sodium load. 21 11

Side Effect Countermeasures

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

To reduce gastrointestinal side effects from sodium bicarbonate ingestion, consider consuming smaller amounts, taking it with food, or using enteric-coated sodium bicarbonate. 4 5 19 1

Metabolic Alkalosis

To prevent metabolic alkalosis, adjusting sodium bicarbonate intake is crucial. 18 21

Other

To prevent hypocalcemia due to sodium bicarbonate ingestion, ensure sufficient calcium intake. 21

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have reported improvements in exercise performance with sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 7 20 6 3 4 15 5 19

Differences

There is inconsistency in research findings regarding whether the improvement in exercise performance with sodium bicarbonate ingestion is synergistic when combined with caffeine. 5

Sodium bicarbonate alone has varying effects depending on the ingestion method, and in some cases, no performance-enhancing effect was observed. 5

The impact of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance is likely influenced by factors like exercise type and intensity, and individual physical characteristics. 6

Considerations for Real-Life Application

Sodium bicarbonate has various applications, including enhancing exercise performance and treating hyperkalemia. However, sodium bicarbonate ingestion may cause gastrointestinal side effects and metabolic alkalosis, so caution is advised. 21 6 17 4 19 1

It is recommended to consult a doctor or specialist before considering sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 21 6

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the impact of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance is still insufficient, particularly regarding the synergistic effect when combined with caffeine. Further research is needed. 5 19

The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance varies depending on individual physical characteristics, requiring more in-depth research. 6

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion requires further investigation to ensure safety. More research is needed. 6 19

Future Research Directions

A more detailed investigation into the effect of sodium bicarbonate combined with caffeine on exercise performance is required. 5 19

It is necessary to clarify how the impact of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance varies based on individual physical characteristics. 6

Further research is needed to comprehensively assess the safety of sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 6 19

Conclusion

Sodium bicarbonate may be effective in enhancing exercise performance. However, sodium bicarbonate ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal side effects and metabolic alkalosis, so caution is necessary. Consult a doctor or specialist before considering sodium bicarbonate ingestion. 6 17 4 5 19 1

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
3
0
0
8
21
2.

The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance.

Author: QuadeBianca N, ParkerMark D, OcchipintiRossana

Acid-base balance

This narrative review explores the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance, focusing on the use of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) for various conditions. While baking soda has been subject to dubious claims for miracle cures, its role in managing acid-base imbalances is supported by evidence, including its use in FDA-approved treatments. The review also examines the influence of pharmaceuticals on acid-base balance and the impact of acid-base status on drug pharmacokinetics.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

[Acute Kidney Injury, AKI - Update 2018].

Author: PatschanDaniel, MüllerGerhard Anton

AKI prevention
AKI therapy
SGLT-2-inhibitors side effects

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a significant complication in hospitalized individuals. This article focuses on three AKI-related topics: prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy, side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors, and the use of stem/progenitor cells in AKI therapy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

4.

The effects of a novel bicarbonate loading protocol on serum bicarbonate concentration: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: MarcusAdam, RossiAmerigo, CornwellAndrew, HawkinsSteven A, KhodiguianNazareth

Exercise performance enhancement
Gastrointestinal distress

This study evaluated whether a modified sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion protocol would elevate serum bicarbonate concentration more than previous methods without causing gastrointestinal distress.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Effects of Three-Day Serial Sodium Bicarbonate Loading on Performance and Physiological Parameters During a Simulated Basketball Test in Female University Players.

Author: DelextratAnne, MackessySinead, Arceo-RendonLuis, ScanlanAaron, RamsbottomRoger, Calleja-GonzalezJulio

Jump performance
Sprint performance

Three days of serial sodium bicarbonate loading improved repeated sprint and jump performance in female basketball players without gastrointestinal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For?

Author: RadzkiDominik, Wilhelm-WęglarzMarta, PruskaKatarzyna, KusiakAida, Ordyniec-KwaśnicaIwona

Oral hygiene
Side effects

Mouthwashes are a popular oral hygiene product, but their compositions and effectiveness are not always well-understood. This study investigated the compositions of mouthwashes available in Poland and discussed their effectiveness in preventing and curing oral diseases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Sub-muscular Breast Augmentation Using Tumescent Local Anesthesia.

Author: BollettaAlberto, DessyLuca Andrea, FiorotLuca, TronciAlessio, RuscianiAntonio, CiudadPedro, TrignanoEmilio

Sub-muscular breast augmentation

This article describes a modified tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) technique for primary sub-muscular breast augmentation. The authors share their experience using this technique over the past 7 years.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Low-Dose Methotrexate Toxicity Presenting as Pancytopenia.

Author: DhillonGundip S, ChauhanSukhjinder, JalalYema, GhobrialYoussef, AhmedBirjees

Pancytopenia treatment
Pancytopenia

This case report presents an 82-year-old woman with severe pancytopenia induced by low-dose methotrexate (MTX). The patient was treated with leucovorin rescue therapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy. This case highlights the importance of monitoring for potential side effects even with low-dose MTX treatment.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

11.

Nanoantidote for repression of acidosis pH promoting COVID-19 infection.

Author: LiuQidong, RuanHuitong, ShengZhihao, SunXiaoru, LiSiguang, CuiWenguo, LiCheng

SARS-CoV-2 infection

Acidosis, a common complication of COVID-19, can promote SARS-CoV-2 infection. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles may serve as an effective antacid therapy to neutralize excess hydrogen ions and prevent viral infection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Challenges in respiratory management during therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy.

Author: El-DibMohamed, SzakmarEniko, ChakkarapaniEla, AlyHany,

Improved respiratory management
Reduced oxygen demand
Hyperoxia risk
Hypocapnia risk

This review discusses the respiratory implications of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE). It emphasizes the need for careful respiratory management to minimize exposure to hypocapnia or hyperoxia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Sodium bicarbonate to improve physical function in patients over 60 years with advanced chronic kidney disease: the BiCARB RCT.

Author: WithamMiles D, BandMargaret, ChongHuey, DonnanPeter T, HampsonGeeta, HuMay Khei, LittlefordRoberta, LambEdmund, KalraPhilip A, KennedyGwen, McNameePaul, PlewsDeirdre, RauchhausPetra, SoizaRoy L, SumukadasDeepa, WarwickGraham, AvenellAlison

Physical function
Quality of life
Cost-effectiveness

Oral sodium bicarbonate did not improve a range of health measures in older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) category 4 or 5 and mild acidosis. There was no significant treatment effect on physical function, quality of life, markers of renal function, bone turnover, or vascular health. Oral bicarbonate is unlikely to be cost-effective for use in this patient group.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Treatment of hyperkalemia: something old, something new.

Author: SternsRichard H, GrieffMarvin, BernsteinPaul L

Hyperkalemia treatment
Hypomagnesemia
Sodium overload

New potassium binders, such as patiromer and ZS-9, show promise as treatments for hyperkalemia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance.

Author: GrgicJozo, PedisicZeljko, SaundersBryan, ArtioliGuilherme G, SchoenfeldBrad J, McKennaMichael J, BishopDavid J, KreiderRichard B, StoutJeffrey R, KalmanDouglas S, ArentShawn M, VanDusseldorpTrisha A, LopezHector L, ZiegenfussTim N, BurkeLouise M, AntonioJose, CampbellBill I

Exercise performance
Abdominal pain
Bloating
Nausea
Vomiting

This review summarizes the ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in high-intensity exercise lasting between 30 seconds and 12 minutes, with the optimal dose being 0.3 g/kg.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

Author: Durkalec-MichalskiKrzysztof, ZawiejaEmilia Ewa, PodgórskiTomasz, ZawiejaBogna Ewa, MichałowskaPatrycja, ŁoniewskiIgor, JeszkaJan

Improved anaerobic capacity
Improved wrestling performance
Gastrointestinal side effects

This study assessed the effect of a new sodium bicarbonate (SB) loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. While no gastrointestinal side effects were reported, the SB regimen did not significantly improve anaerobic capacity or wrestling performance. However, the time-to-peak power in the second Wingate test was significantly reduced, suggesting a potential benefit for combat sports athletes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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