Side Effects of thiothixene: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Thiothixene is an antipsychotic medication that is used to treat mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Studies have shown that thiothixene is effective in treating these conditions, but it can cause several side effects, particularly dry mouth and insomnia ( 21 ). Additionally, thiothixene can interact with the body's natural processes, specifically the mitochondrial electron transport chain, potentially leading to other side effects. 12 reported that thiothixene inhibits complex I of the electron transport chain, which could contribute to extrapyramidal symptoms.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of thiothixene are thought to be caused by its blocking action on dopamine receptors in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in movement, mood, and thinking. When dopamine receptors are blocked, it can lead to various side effects, including movement problems, emotional changes, and cognitive issues.

Common Side Effects

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

EPS are a common side effect of thiothixene and other antipsychotic medications. These symptoms occur due to dopamine receptor blockade in areas of the brain that control movement. EPS can include tremor (shaking), rigidity (muscle stiffness), akinesia (slowness of movement), and dyskinesia (involuntary movements). EPS has been reported in multiple studies including: 21 , 7 , 19 , 2 , 9 .

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

NMS is a rare but serious side effect of thiothixene and other antipsychotic medications that can be life-threatening. It occurs when the brain's temperature regulation center is disrupted by dopamine receptor blockade. Symptoms of NMS include high fever, muscle rigidity, and decreased level of consciousness. NMS is reported in 12 , 13 .

Metabolic Abnormalities

Antipsychotics, including thiothixene, can cause metabolic changes such as weight gain, dyslipidemia (abnormal cholesterol levels), and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). These side effects are reported in 7 , 2 .

QT Prolongation

QT prolongation is a side effect that can cause problems with the electrical activity of the heart, increasing the risk of arrhythmia. It is reported in 2 .

Dry Mouth

Dry mouth is a common side effect of thiothixene ( 21 ), likely due to the drug's effects on the autonomic nervous system.

Insomnia

Insomnia is another common side effect of thiothixene ( 21 ). While zotepine also has activating effects, thiothixene seems to be more likely to cause insomnia.

Other Side Effects

Other side effects can include constipation, blurred vision, sexual dysfunction, drowsiness, and fatigue ( 21 , 24 , 9 ).

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

EPS can be managed with anticholinergic medications (antiparkinsonian drugs). These medications help to increase dopamine levels in the brain, counteracting the dopamine receptor blockade that causes EPS. Examples include benztropine (Cogentin) and trihexyphenidyl (Artane).

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

NMS is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves discontinuation of the antipsychotic medication, temperature control, and muscle relaxants. In some cases, mechanical ventilation may be needed.

Metabolic Abnormalities

To reduce the risk of metabolic changes, a healthy diet and regular exercise are important. Monitoring weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels regularly is also recommended.

QT Prolongation

For individuals at risk for QT prolongation, cardiac monitoring is crucial. Patients should inform their doctor about any other medications they are taking, as some medications (like antibiotics) can increase the risk of QT prolongation.

Dry Mouth

Drinking plenty of fluids, chewing sugar-free gum, and using artificial saliva can help manage dry mouth.

Insomnia

Maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed can help improve sleep.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have shown that thiothixene is an effective treatment for mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. However, several side effects have been reported, which can lead to treatment discontinuation. Many studies also suggest that thiothixene works by blocking dopamine receptors.

Differences

The effectiveness and side effect incidence of thiothixene can vary between studies. This could be attributed to differences in study design, patient characteristics, and dosage used. For example, one study ( 21 ) found that thiothixene caused more dry mouth and insomnia compared to zotepine, whereas another study ( 16 ) reported that thiothixene was more effective and caused fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than haloperidol. These findings highlight the variability in how individuals respond to thiothixene.

Points to Note About Application to Real Life

While thiothixene can be an effective treatment, it is essential to be aware of its potential side effects. If you are taking thiothixene, it is important to discuss the benefits and risks with your doctor. Regularly checking with your doctor is also vital to monitor for any side effects. If side effects occur, seek immediate medical advice. Early detection and treatment of side effects can prevent them from worsening. Adhering to your doctor's instructions for taking thiothixene is crucial. Self-medicating or stopping medication prematurely can lead to worsening symptoms or side effects.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on thiothixene side effects is still limited. More research is needed, especially long-term studies involving larger patient groups. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these side effects is also important for developing new strategies to prevent or reduce their occurrence. Furthermore, recognizing that side effect profiles can differ between individuals emphasizes the need for personalized treatment plans.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms behind thiothixene side effects. This knowledge could lead to the development of new treatments to prevent or reduce these side effects. Research into identifying individualized dosages and types of antipsychotics for different patients is also crucial. This type of research has the potential to minimize side effect risks and improve treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

Thiothixene is an effective medication for treating mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, but it's important to be aware of its potential side effects. Working closely with your doctor, following their instructions for taking thiothixene, and monitoring for any side effects is crucial. Future research can help to improve our understanding of thiothixene and develop safer and more effective treatment options.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
6
Article Type
5
2
3
5
27
1.

Comparative study of tinidazole versus metronidazole in treatment of amebic liver abscess: A randomized control trial.

Author: PandeySudhakar, GuptaGaurav Kumar, WanjariShashank J, NijhawanSandeep

Early clinical response
Favorable recovery rate
High tolerability
Shorter treatment course
Side effects

Tinidazole was more effective than metronidazole in treating amebic liver abscess (ALA), with an earlier clinical response, a shorter treatment course, a higher rate of recovery, and better tolerability.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride for schizophrenia.

Author: BryanEdward J, PurcellMarie Ann, KumarAjit

Treat psychotic symptoms
Extra-pyramidal reactions
Insulin/glucose response modification
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
QTc interval prolongation
Venous thromboembolism

This abstract provides information about the anti-psychotic medication zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride (Clopixol) and its potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

3.

Thiothixene in the Management of Delirium: A Case Series.

Author: LeungJonathan G, DareFolabo Y, FlowersLee M, MurphyLauren L, SukiennikEliza M, PhilbrickKemuel L, RasmussenKeith G

Effective for delirium
Safe
Further studies needed

Thiothixene could be a safe and effective pharmacologic treatment for agitation and psychosis due to delirium.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Hospitalization risk associated with typical and atypical antipsychotic use in community-dwelling elderly patients.

Author: AparasuRajender R, JanoElda, JohnsonMichael L, ChenHua

Antipsychotic adverse effects

Antipsychotic medications can have adverse effects in elderly patients, who are more susceptible due to age-related changes in drug metabolism and response. This abstract highlights the need for more research on the impact of antipsychotics on hospitalizations in the elderly.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Penfluridol for schizophrenia.

Author: SoaresB G O, LimaM S

Lower dropout rate
Schizophrenia treatment

The efficacy and adverse effects profile of penfluridol are similar to other typical antipsychotics; both oral and depot. Penfluridol is shown to be an adequate treatment option for people with schizophrenia, especially those who do not respond to oral medication on a daily basis and do not adapt well to depot drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

7.

A comparison of two doses of melperone, an atypical antipsychotic drug, in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Author: SumiyoshiTomiki, JayathilakeKaru, MeltzerHerbert Y

Treat schizophrenia
Well tolerated

This pilot study investigated the efficacy and safety of melperone, an atypical antipsychotic, in treating schizophrenia. The study found that melperone was equally effective at two different doses in improving psychopathology but did not show a significant difference between the doses.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Loxapine for schizophrenia.

Author: FentonM, MurphyB, WoodJ, BagnallA, ChueP, LeitnerM

Reduced negative symptoms
Schizophrenia treatment
Extrapyramidal side effects

Loxapine, a D2/D3 receptor antagonist with higher affinity for D3 than D2, is suggested to be more effective than typical antipsychotics in reducing negative symptoms of schizophrenia, with fewer extrapyramidal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Clonidine does not potentiate the antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics in chronically ill patients.

Author: HedgesS, El-MallakhR S, IssaF, ElkashefA, BigelowL B, WyattR J

Antipsychotic treatment
Side effects

Combining clonidine with neuroleptics did not provide greater effectiveness than neuroleptics alone in treating chronic psychotic patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Muscarinic m4 receptor activation by some atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Author: ZengX P, LeF, RichelsonE

Neuroleptic efficacy
Side effects

Clozapine is an atypical neuroleptic that acts as both a muscarinic receptor agonist and antagonist. Clozapine showed a concentration-dependent and atropine-sensitive inhibition on cAMP formation, with EC50 = 60 nM and Emax = 74% of carbachol maximum. Muscarinic m4 receptor agonism may be a relevant mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of clozapine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: liability in nursing practice.

Author: BlairD T, DaunerA

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

This case study reviewed a malpractice case involving the psychiatric treatment of a patient who developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The case highlights the importance of careful monitoring for NMS and the legal liabilities associated with nursing care in a psychiatric setting.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Neuroleptic plasma levels.

Author: Van PuttenT, MarderS R, WirshingW C, AravagiriM, ChabertN

Antipsychotic effect
Inferior antipsychotic response
Side effects

Plasma levels of neuroleptics vary widely between patients. While low plasma levels may be due to noncompliance or drug interactions, the relationship between high plasma levels and treatment response is unclear. Plasma level monitoring may be helpful in differentiating between side effects and worsening psychosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Navane versus Haldol. Treatment of acute organic mental syndromes in the general hospital.

Author: PetersonL G, BongarB

mental syndrome improvement

Navane (thiothixene) and Haldol were effective in treating acute organic mental syndromes. Most patients improved rapidly with few side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Melperone in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Author: BjerkenstedtL

Treats psychosis
Extrapyramidal side effects

Melperone and thiothixene were compared for the treatment of psychosis in 81 women. Both drugs were effective in reducing psychotic symptoms, but thiothixene was associated with more extrapyramidal side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Psychotic patients who become worse on neuroleptics.

Author: BowersM B, SwigarM E

Neuroleptic sensitivity
Side effects

Some psychotic patients, particularly those with affective psychoses, may be more susceptible to neuroleptic side effects due to a unique sensitivity to blockade of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: eight-year, practice-based experience in a predominantly adult population.

Author: MesulamM M, PetersenR C

Tourette's syndrome treatment
Drug side effects

Over 86% of 58 patients with Tourette's syndrome achieved effective control of their symptoms with dopamine-blocking neuroleptics. These medications are often effective but may require frequent adjustments or rotations due to side effects. Clonidine, another medication, was less effective in treating motor and vocal tics.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Thrombocytopenia associated with chlorpromazine, haloperidol and thiothixene: a case report.

Author: BalonR, BerchouR, ZetheliusM

Thrombocytopenia

This case report describes a patient with recurrent low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) after exposure to several antipsychotic drugs. This is a rare but serious side effect of antipsychotics.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Comparison of efficacy of zotepine and thiothixene in schizophrenia in a double-blind study.

Author: SaraiK, OkadaM

Higher improvement ratings
Lower incidence of side effects
Dry mouth
Insomnia

Zotepine demonstrated both activating and antipsychotic effects, showing improvement in motor retardation, suspiciousness, and mannerisms. Thiothixene showed higher improvement in hallucinatory behavior, anxiety, and depression. Zotepine had a lower incidence of dry mouth and insomnia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Rapid tranquilization: a comparison of thiothixene with loxapine.

Author: DubinW R, WeissK J

Rapid tranquilization
Dystonia

Loxapine and thiothixene were both effective for rapid tranquilization of acutely disturbed, psychotic patients. Loxapine had a significantly faster time to tranquilization than thiothixene. Side effects were minimal during the intramuscular phase, while dystonia was the most common side effect during the oral phase.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Rapid tranquilization: the efficacy of oral concentrate.

Author: DubinW R, WaxmanH M, WeissK J, RamchandaniD, Tavani-PetroneC

Effective for rapid tranquilization

Oral concentrate was effective for rapid tranquilization of acutely disturbed patients in a psychiatric emergency service.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Blood levels of neuroleptics: state of the art.

Author: SimpsonG M, YadalamK

Minimized side effects
Therapeutic dosage

Plasma levels of neuroleptic drugs are complex due to metabolites and cross-reactivity. Further studies are needed to optimize dosage and plasma levels, minimizing side effects while maximizing therapeutic response.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Plasma levels of thiothixene by radioreceptor assay: clinical usefulness.

Author: Van PuttenT, MayP R, MarderS R, WilkinsJ N, RosenbergB J

Treat schizophrenia
Side effects

Thiothixene was effective in treating schizophrenia in 34 patients. Improvement occurred across various plasma levels, suggesting no 'therapeutic window'. Higher doses were not associated with side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

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