Side Effects of triazolam: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Triazolam is a medication used to treat anxiety and insomnia before surgery or dental procedures. Studies have shown that triazolam can be effective for these purposes; however, it also comes with various side effects. 24 , 16 , 13 , 9 , 4 , 23 , 10 , 5 , 17 , 18 , 2 , 19 , 20 , 12 , 22 , 8 , 25 , 6 , , 1 , 21 , 11 , 3

Reasons for Side Effects

Triazolam's side effects stem from its interaction with GABA receptors in the brain, leading to the suppression of nerve activity. 13 GABA is a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve excitation, and when triazolam interacts with its receptors, it can suppress nerve activity excessively, leading to various side effects. 15 , 10 , 16

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness

The most common side effect of triazolam is drowsiness. 16 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 1 This occurs due to triazolam's suppression of brain activity, affecting daytime alertness. 15 , 16 , 2

Dizziness

Triazolam can cause dizziness and balance problems. 2 , 1 This is thought to be due to triazolam's impact on the part of the brain that controls coordinated movements. 15

Memory Impairment

Triazolam can lead to memory problems. 16 , 5 , 10 This is believed to be caused by triazolam's effect on the area of the brain responsible for memory. 4 Specifically, triazolam tends to make it difficult to remember events that occurred after taking it. 5

Dependence

Triazolam can be habit-forming. 16 , 13 This is because triazolam may affect the brain's reward system, potentially leading to drug dependence. 6

Rebound Insomnia

When you stop taking triazolam, you may experience a condition known as rebound insomnia. 16 , 10 , 5 This occurs because your brain becomes reliant on the medication, and when you stop taking it, your brain struggles to adjust, worsening your insomnia symptoms. 2

Other Side Effects

Triazolam can lead to nausea, vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, headache, dizziness, and rash. 7 , 2 , 1

Side Effect Management

Drowsiness

If you experience drowsiness, you can try to manage it by taking triazolam before bed and making lifestyle adjustments. 15 You can also consult with your doctor to explore reducing your dosage or switching to a different medication. 16

Dizziness

To address dizziness, take caution when getting up or walking after taking triazolam and move slowly. 2 You can also discuss with your doctor about lowering your triazolam dosage or switching to another medication. 15

Memory Impairment

If memory problems are a concern, avoid tasks that require concentration or judgment after taking triazolam, such as driving or operating machinery. 5 Discuss with your doctor about lowering your triazolam dosage or switching to another medication. 4

Dependence

To minimize the risk of dependence, take triazolam for as short a duration as possible and follow your doctor's instructions carefully. 16 You can also discuss with your doctor about lowering your triazolam dosage or switching to another medication. 13

Rebound Insomnia

To manage rebound insomnia, avoid abruptly stopping triazolam and gradually reduce your dosage under your doctor's guidance. 10 Discuss other medication options with your doctor. 16

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities in Research

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of triazolam as a sleep medication. 23 , 5 , 25 , 8 However, a significant number of studies have also indicated the potential for triazolam to cause side effects like dependence and rebound insomnia. 16 , 5 , 10 , 13

Differences in Research

Side effects of triazolam can vary from person to person. 16 The severity of side effects can also vary depending on the dosage of triazolam. 5

Cautions for Real-World Applications

Triazolam is an effective sleep medication, but it's crucial to acknowledge the risks of side effects like dependence and rebound insomnia. 16 , 10 , 5 Therefore, it's essential to take triazolam as prescribed by your doctor and in the correct dosage. 13 Moreover, while taking triazolam, avoid activities requiring focus or judgment, such as driving or operating machinery. 4

Limitations of Current Research

Further research on the side effects of triazolam is still needed. 16 Therefore, more research is essential to gain a deeper understanding of triazolam's side effects. 24

Future Research Directions

The development of new medications that reduce the side effects of triazolam is highly anticipated. 13 Furthermore, it's crucial to unravel the mechanisms behind triazolam's side effects and create methods for predicting their occurrence. 19

Conclusion

Triazolam is an effective sleep medication, but it carries risks of side effects like dependence and rebound insomnia. 13 If you're considering triazolam, consult your doctor, understand the risks and benefits, and take the medication as prescribed. 10

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Induces sleep
1
Anxiety reduction
Insomnia treatment
2
Hypnotic
Sedative
3
Induces sleep
Maintains sleep
5
Circadian rhythm reentrainment
No abuse potential
6
Improved sleep
Reduced awakenings
8
Sedative and anxiolytic effects
9
Improved sleep
10
Effective hypnotic
No rebound insomnia
No withdrawal symptoms
11
Safer hypnotic
12
Improved sleep quality
14
Improved sleep
Minimal side effects
Short half-life
15
Initial efficacy
Reduced rebound insomnia
16
Pain management
17
Effective premedication
Patient satisfaction
Suitable for patients who cannot swallow
18
Improved therapeutic window
19
Improved sleep latency
Increased total sleep time
21
Improved sleep quality
22
Sleep induction
Sleep quality improvement
Triazolam efficacy
23
Better emotional status
Fewer side effects
Improved sleep
25
Risk Keywords
Daytime sleepiness
Side effects
1
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Headache
Rebound insomnia
2
Reduced therapeutic effects
Side effects
4
Morning sleepiness
Rebound insomnia
5
Learning impairment
Memory impairment
6
Drug Interactions
7
Rebound effect
8
Excessive sedation
9
Amnesia
Anxiety
Confusion
Daytime sleepiness
Disinhibition
Insomnia
10
Daytime sedation
11
Anxiety
Cognitive dysfunction
Dependence
Hangover
Muscular atonia
Rebound insomnia
Respiratory inhibition
Tolerance
13
Daytime anxiety
Taste perversion
14
Bitter taste
15
Rebound insomnia
Tolerance development
16
Cognitive impairment
20
Dementia
Fractures
Residual daytime sedation
Serious injury
Somnolence
21
Mild side effects
22
Side effects
23
Amnesia
Ataxia
Diplopia
Impaired stereoscopic depth perception
Impaired visual acuity
24
Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
5
Article Type
5
2
1
9
25
1.

Double-blind crossover comparison of triazolam and lorazepam in the posthypnotic state.

Author: CohnJ B

Induces sleep
Daytime sleepiness
Side effects

Triazolam and lorazepam are both effective hypnotics, but lorazepam has more pronounced daytime carryover and side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Brotizolam. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic.

Author: LangleyM S, ClissoldS P

Anxiety reduction
Insomnia treatment
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Headache
Rebound insomnia

Brotizolam was effective in treating insomnia. It improved sleep in insomniacs similarly to other hypnotics and was superior to flurazepam in some studies. Brotizolam had an elimination half-life of about 5 hours, which is intermediate compared to shorter and longer-acting hypnotics.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

[Cytochrome P450 3A4 and Benzodiazepines].

Author: OtaniKoichi

Reduced therapeutic effects
Side effects

This study reviewed the interaction between benzodiazepines and drugs that affect cytochrome P450(CYP)3A4 activity. The metabolism of some benzodiazepines is significantly affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers, which can lead to side effects or reduced therapeutic effects. Therefore, the combination of these drugs should be avoided whenever possible.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Japanese

7.

[Interactions of antitubercular drugs].

Author: HuguesF C, MooreN, JulienD

Drug Interactions

Rifampicin, a potent enzyme inducer, decreases the plasma levels of a wide range of drugs. INH is an enzyme inhibitor and can accumulate drugs with hepatic metabolism. The combination of rifampicin and INH increases the hepatotoxicity of INH.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : French

8.

Comparison of the short-acting benzodiazepines midazolam and triazolam with placebo.

Author: Hegelbach-FellerD A, TschoppJ M, ChristellerS, FabreJ

Improved sleep
Reduced awakenings
Rebound effect

Midazolam and triazolam were both effective in reducing sleep latency and the number of awakenings. Midazolam was slightly shorter acting and had less rebound effect than triazolam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Premedication with sublingual triazolam compared with oral diazepam.

Author: KontinenV K, MaunukselaE L, SarvelaJ

Sedative and anxiolytic effects
Excessive sedation

A sublingual formulation of triazolam (0.2mg) was compared to oral diazepam (10mg) in patients undergoing eye surgery. Triazolam provided deeper sedation than diazepam, although it was noted that the dose of triazolam may be too high for elderly patients undergoing this type of surgery. Both drugs effectively reduced anxiety before surgery and were well-tolerated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Comparison of short and long half-life benzodiazepine hypnotics: triazolam and quazepam.

Author: KalesA, BixlerE O, Vela-BuenoA, SoldatosC R, NiklausD E, ManfrediR L

Improved sleep
Amnesia
Anxiety
Confusion
Daytime sleepiness
Disinhibition
Insomnia

Quazepam was more effective than triazolam in improving sleep quality. Quazepam was also associated with fewer side effects compared to triazolam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Quazepam: hypnotic efficacy and side effects.

Author: KalesA

Effective hypnotic
No rebound insomnia
No withdrawal symptoms
Daytime sedation

Quazepam, a benzodiazepine hypnotic, was effective for inducing and maintaining sleep, with carryover effectiveness and no rebound insomnia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Emerging role of orexin antagonists in insomnia therapeutics: An update on SORAs and DORAs.

Author: KumarAnil, ChananaPriyanka, ChoudharySupriti

Anxiety
Cognitive dysfunction
Dependence
Hangover
Muscular atonia
Rebound insomnia
Respiratory inhibition
Tolerance

Orexin neuropeptides are regulators of transition between wakefulness and sleep. Orexin receptor antagonists are being developed as novel strategies for the treatment of sleep disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Zopiclone and triazolam in insomnia associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled evaluation of efficacy and daytime anxiety.

Author: FontaineR, BeaudryP, Le MorvanP, BeauclairL, ChouinardG

Improved sleep quality
Daytime anxiety
Taste perversion

Zopiclone, a hypnotic drug, was found to be more effective than placebo in improving sleep parameters and was associated with less daytime anxiety than triazolam, another hypnotic drug.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Zopiclone. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy as an hypnotic.

Author: GoaK L, HeelR C

Improved sleep
Minimal side effects
Short half-life
Bitter taste

Zopiclone, a cyclopyrrolone, effectively improved sleep in insomniacs, similar to benzodiazepines. It had a short duration of action and minimal residual effects the following morning, making it a useful alternative for patients intolerant of long-acting hypnotics.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Tolerance and rebound insomnia with rapidly eliminated hypnotics: a meta-analysis of sleep laboratory studies.

Author: SoldatosC R, DikeosD G, WhiteheadA

Initial efficacy
Reduced rebound insomnia
Rebound insomnia
Tolerance development

This meta-analytic study assessed the development of tolerance and rebound insomnia among rapidly eliminated benzodiazepine hypnotics. Differences were observed among the drugs, suggesting that factors beyond short elimination half-life are implicated in these side-effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis.

Author: RichardsBethan L, WhittleSamuel L, BuchbinderRachelle

Pain management

Muscle relaxants are widely used as adjuncts in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain, but evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

18.

Sublingual triazolam versus peroral diazepam as a premedication for general anaesthesia.

Author: PenttiläH J, NuutinenL S, KiviluomaK T, PartanenA M

Effective premedication
Patient satisfaction
Suitable for patients who cannot swallow

This randomized, double-blind study compared the efficacy of sublingual triazolam (0.2 mg) and oral diazepam (10 mg) as premedicants in 81 patients scheduled for elective surgery. Both drugs provided sedation and anxiolysis, but triazolam had a faster onset of action. Patients were more satisfied with triazolam. Triazolam is a viable alternative premedication option for patients who cannot swallow.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Temporary cognitive impairment related to administration of newly developed anticholinergic medicines for overactive bladder: two case reports.

Author: ShiotaTakako, TorimotoKazumasa, MomoseHitoshi, NakamuroTakuya, MochizukiHiroshi, KumamotoHiromi, HirayamaAkihide, FujimotoKiyohide

Cognitive impairment

This report describes two elderly Japanese patients who experienced temporary cognitive impairment caused by anticholinergic medications for overactive bladder. The report highlights the potential for cognitive side effects with anticholinergic medications and emphasizes the need for careful monitoring in vulnerable populations.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Review of Safety and Efficacy of Sleep Medicines in Older Adults.

Author: SchroeckJennifer L, FordJames, ConwayErin L, KurtzhaltsKari E, GeeMegan E, VollmerKrista A, MergenhagenKari A

Improved sleep latency
Increased total sleep time
Dementia
Fractures
Residual daytime sedation
Serious injury
Somnolence

This review focuses on the safety and efficacy of medications used to treat insomnia in older adults. Cognitive behavioral therapy and sleep hygiene are considered initial therapy for insomnia. Benzodiazepines are discouraged in the geriatric population, especially for long-term use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

[Halcion (triazolam) in the treatment of insomnia].

Author: MuzychenkoA P, ProkudinV N, BogdanA N

Improved sleep quality
Mild side effects

Chalcion (triazolam) was found to be highly effective in treating insomnia, with mild side effects and sleep characteristics resembling those of physiological sleep.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Russian

23.

[Triazolam in the treatment of presurgical patients].

Author: VenutiA, SaittaF P, Gioffrè MicaliM, GiorgianniG, MicaliB

Sleep induction
Sleep quality improvement
Triazolam efficacy
Side effects

Triazolam was more effective than placebo in reducing induction time and improving sleep duration and quality before surgery. Few minor side effects were reported.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Italian

24.

Side effects of triazolam in children.

Author: ColdwellS E, AwamuraK, MilgromP, DepnerK S, KaufmanE, PrestonK L, KarlH W

Amnesia
Ataxia
Diplopia
Impaired stereoscopic depth perception
Impaired visual acuity

Triazolam produced ataxia, amnesia, and diplopia in children in a dose-dependent manner.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

25.

[Controlled clinical evaluation of 2 hypnotic triazole benzodiazepines, estazolam and triazolam, used the night before surgical interventions].

Author: MauroC, SperlonganoP

Better emotional status
Fewer side effects
Improved sleep

Estazolam was found to be superior to triazolam in improving sleep patterns and emotional status in preoperative patients, with fewer side effects, suggesting its potential for pre-operative sedation.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Italian

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