Side Effects of azacitidine: A Synthesis of Findings from 31 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Azacitidine is a drug used to treat blood cancers like myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by inhibiting DNA methylation, a process that can lead to abnormal cell growth. Several studies have shown azacitidine to be effective in treating these cancers, particularly in older patients who may not be suitable for intensive chemotherapy. 19 , 23 , 15 . However, like many cancer treatments, azacitidine can have side effects.

Reasons for Side Effects

Azacitidine's mechanism of action, inhibiting DNA methylation, can affect normal cells as well as cancer cells. This can lead to a range of side effects. 21

Common Side Effects

Hematologic Side Effects

A common side effect of azacitidine is myelosuppression, a decrease in the production of blood cells like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This can increase the risk of infection and bleeding. 19 , 21 , 16 , 11

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, can occur with azacitidine treatment. 21 , 6

Skin Side Effects

Skin side effects such as rash, itching, and dry skin are also possible. 21 , 7 , 4

Respiratory Side Effects

Azacitidine can cause respiratory problems like pneumonia. 3 , 17

Other Side Effects

Other side effects may include liver damage, kidney damage, and allergic reactions. 21 , 24

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Hematologic Side Effects

Myelosuppression can be managed with treatments like growth factors and blood transfusions. 21

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Gastrointestinal side effects can be relieved with medications such as antiemetics and antidiarrheals. 21

Skin Side Effects

Skin side effects can be treated with moisturizers and steroids. 21

Respiratory Side Effects

Respiratory side effects like pneumonia can be addressed with antibiotics and steroids. 3

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities

Numerous studies indicate that azacitidine is an effective treatment for MDS and AML. 19 , 23 , 15 , 25 , 31 , 29 , 27 , 14 , 13 . However, research has also consistently documented a range of side effects associated with its use. 21 , 2 , 1 .

Differences

The specific side effects of azacitidine can vary between studies. This is likely due to factors like the patients' age, sex, type of cancer, dosage of azacitidine, and how it was administered. 19 , 21 , 16 , 11 , 17 , 22 , 23 , 6 , 2 , 1 , 7 , 4 , 3 , 24 , 8 , 28 , 31 , 27 , 20 , 5 .

Cautions for Applying Research Findings in Real Life

While azacitidine has proven effective in treating blood cancers, it's important to remember that it can cause side effects. If you're considering azacitidine treatment, be sure to discuss the potential risks and benefits with your doctor. They can help you make informed decisions based on your individual health situation. 21

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of azacitidine is ongoing. More research is needed to fully understand the potential side effects of this drug and develop better ways to manage them. 21

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on finding ways to reduce the side effects of azacitidine and to better understand the mechanisms by which these side effects occur. 21

Conclusion

Azacitidine is a valuable treatment option for many patients with MDS and AML. However, it's important to be aware of the potential side effects associated with this drug. If you're undergoing treatment with azacitidine, stay in close communication with your doctor to monitor your health and manage any side effects. 21 . Continued research is essential for better understanding and managing the side effects of azacitidine and ensuring its safe and effective use for patients with blood cancers. 21 .

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
AML treatment
MDS treatment
1
Acute myeloid leukemia treatment
Myelodysplastic syndromes treatment
2
Myelodysplastic syndrome treatment
3
MDS remission
Reduced steroid use
4
AML treatment
5
Adipogenesis optimization
Fat regeneration
8
RP controlled
Remission achieved
9
AML-MRC treatment
Hematologic remission
Transfusion independence
10
Long circulation time
MDS treatment
11
AML relapse treatment
12
AML treatment
13
AML remission
14
AML treatment
15
Durable remission
16
Cancer therapy
18
MDS treatment
Survival extension
19
apoptotic features
therapeutic potential for CML
20
Treat myelodysplastic syndromes
21
Clinical improvement
Hematological improvement
22
Improved peripheral blood values
Improved quality of life
Reduced risk of AML
Survival advantage
23
Antitumor activity
Reduced nephrotoxicity
24
High CR rate
Safe and effective treatment for AML and MDS
25
AML treatment
MDS treatment
26
Myelodysplastic syndrome treatment
27
ATRA sensitivity
Antileukemia activity
28
CMML treatment
MDS treatment
29
Antitumor activity
30
Beta-thalassemia severity reduction
HbF synthesis augmentation
31
Risk Keywords
Reactive arthritis
1
Hematologic toxicity
Infection
2
Bone marrow suppression
Myopericarditis
3
Sweet's syndrome
4
Azacitidine-induced pneumonitis
5
Haemorrhagic enteritis
6
Skin toxicity
7
Metabolic disorder
Obesity
8
GVHD
12
Side effects
15
Cytopenia
High toxicity
16
Lymphoproliferative disorder
17
Hematologic side effects
19
side effects on normal PBL
20
GI toxicity
Hematologic toxicity
Skin toxicity
21
Acceptable side effects
22
Early death due to disease progression
25
Toxicity
27
Neurotoxicity
28
Toxicity
30
Long-term side effects
Toxicity
31
Literature analysis of 31 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
5
Article Type
0
0
0
9
26
1.

Azacitidine as a rare cause of reactive arthritis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia.

Author: AlsaadiDaniah, LowLyndon, ZubairuMustafa, CleshamKevin, RowanFiachra

AML treatment
MDS treatment
Reactive arthritis

Azacitidine (AZA) is a common treatment for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in patients ineligible for stem-cell transplantation. Although arthralgia and myalgia are common side effects, only two cases of drug-induced reactive arthritis have been reported.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Response of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in myelodysplastic syndromes to 5-azacytidine: report of two cases and literature review.

Author: WuDan-Yang, WangJing, ZhangRui, YanXiao-Jing, GaoRan

MDS remission
Reduced steroid use
Sweet's syndrome

Two cases of MDS-related autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (erythroderma and Sweet's syndrome) that responded to 5-azacytidine treatment are presented. Both patients experienced remission and were able to reduce their steroid dependence. This report highlights the potential of 5-azacytidine in managing these disorders and emphasizes the importance of distinguishing MDS-related skin disorders from 5-azacytidine-related skin side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Azacitidine-induced pneumonitis and literature review.

Author: NguyenPaul, SafdarJawarya, MohamedAbdelaziz, SoubaniAyman

AML treatment
Azacitidine-induced pneumonitis

This case report describes a rare case of azacitidine-induced pneumonitis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Azacitidine-associated haemorrhagic enteritis in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome: A case report.

Author: HaginoTakeshi, ShinomiyaWataru, HidaiHiroko, UmedaMiki, KurimotoMiwa, SagaReina, TsutsumiHisashi, ShibataYoshiaki, AkiyamaHideki, MotomuraSayuri

Haemorrhagic enteritis

A case report of an 83-year-old woman with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who was treated with 5-azacitidine (AZA) showed a previously undescribed potential side effect: AZA-associated hemorrhagic enteritis with multiple intestinal ulcers.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

7.

Lobular neutrophilic panniculitis associated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in the treatment of myeloid disease.

Author: ColemanEmily, PanseGauri, CowperShawn, PrebetThomas, GoreSteven, LeventhalJonathan

Skin toxicity

Lobular neutrophilic panniculitis is a rare cutaneous toxicity associated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, including both traditional and next-generation agents.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

8.

Paradoxical effects of the epigenetic modifiers 5-aza-deoxycytidine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid on adipogenesis.

Author: El-SerafiAhmed T, SandeepDivyasree, AbdallahSallam, LozanssonYasmin, HamadMoawiah, KhanAmir A

Adipogenesis optimization
Fat regeneration
Metabolic disorder
Obesity

This study investigated the effects of DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors on adipogenic differentiation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Remission of relapsing polychondritis after successful treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with azacitidine: a case and review of the literature.

Author: ErdenAbdulsamet, BilginEmre, KılıçLevent, SarıAlper, ArmağanBerkan, BüyükaşıkYahya, KalyoncuUmut

RP controlled
Remission achieved

Azacitidine may be a treatment option for relapsing polychondritis (RP) patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

[Azacitidine treatment for acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes during peritoneal dialysis].

Author: OmatsuTakashi, UdakaKengo, ShibataHironobu, SekimotoEtsuko, OzakiShuji

AML-MRC treatment
Hematologic remission
Transfusion independence

Azacitidine (AZA) is effective in treating acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. It achieved transfusion independence and hematological remission without severe side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Japanese

12.

Decitabine treatment for acute myeloid leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Author: LiuX L, ZhaoX, WangC, GaoS J, TanY H

AML relapse treatment
GVHD

This study presents a case report of a 49-year-old female with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who experienced relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The patient achieved complete remission after one cycle of decitabine treatment, suggesting its potential as a suitable treatment option for AML relapse in this setting.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Effect of Decitabine Combined with Unrelated Cord Blood Transplantation in an Adult Patient with -7/EVI1+ Acute Myeloid Leukemia: a Case Report and Literature Review.

Author: JiangYi-Zhi, SuGui-Ping, DaiYan, HeHe-Sheng, HuangLai-Quan, SunZi-Min, HuangDong-Ping

AML remission

This case report describes a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who failed to achieve a complete remission (CR) after two cycles of standard induction chemotherapy. He received decitabine (DAC) as 'bridge therapy' and underwent unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT). DAC treatment did not induce CR but did control disease progression, effectively bridging the time of donor search. Following UCBT, the patient achieved complete hematologic and cytogenetic remission.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Azacitidine salvage therapy for relapse of myeloid malignancies following allogeneic hematopoietic SCT.

Author: TessoulinB, DelaunayJ, ChevallierP, LoiratM, AyariS, PeterlinP, Le GouillS, GastinneT, MoreauP, MohtyM, GuillaumeT

Durable remission
Cytopenia
High toxicity

This study retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 31 patients with hematopoietic malignancies who received azacitidine for post-transplant relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). While some patients achieved durable remissions, the toxicity related to azacitidine was high, suggesting that early administration after transplant followed by donor lymphocyte infusion should be considered as a pre-emptive therapy for potential relapse.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Development of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder in a patient treated with azacitidine for chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.

Author: MenterT, SchlageterM, BastianL, HaberthürR, Rätz BravoA E, TzankovA

Lymphoproliferative disorder

This article reports the first documented case of an azacitidine-associated lymphoproliferative disease resembling polymorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. The case highlights the potential for iatrogenic lymphoproliferative disorders associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

5-azacitidine efficacy and safety in patients aged >65 years with myelodysplastic syndromes outside clinical trials.

Author: BrecciaMassimo, LoglisciGiuseppina, SalaroliAdriano, SerraoAlessandra, PetrucciLuigi, ManciniMarco, AlimenaGiuliana

MDS treatment
Survival extension
Hematologic side effects

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of azacitidine in elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) treated outside of clinical trials.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Generation of reactive oxygen species during apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging agents and/or histone deacetylase inhibitors.

Author: BrodskáBarbora, HoloubekAleš

apoptotic features
therapeutic potential for CML
side effects on normal PBL

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging agents in leukemia cell line CML-T1.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Azacitidine adverse effects in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Author: San Miguel AmigoL, Franco OsorioR, Mercadal VilchezS, Martínez-FrancésA

Treat myelodysplastic syndromes
GI toxicity
Hematologic toxicity
Skin toxicity

This article discusses the management of side effects associated with azacitidine treatment for high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Hematological toxicity is managed with growth factor support and blood transfusions, while nonhematological side effects are primarily gastrointestinal and cutaneous.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Azacytidine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes in the elderly.

Author: Diez CampeloMaria, DelgadoRegina Garcia, MoliasAna Cristina Godoy, SanchezJesus Feliu

Clinical improvement
Hematological improvement
Acceptable side effects

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of blood disorders. 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) is a medication that can help to treat high-risk MDS. This paper describes the cases of three patients with high-risk MDS who were treated with 5-AZA. All three patients had improved clinical and hematological outcomes with acceptable side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Azacitidine for treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): practical recommendations of the German MDS Study Group.

Author: GötzeKatharina, PlatzbeckerUwe, GiagounidisAristoteles, HaaseDetlef, LübbertMichael, AulCarlo, GanserArnold, GermingUlrich, HofmannWolf-Karsten

Improved peripheral blood values
Improved quality of life
Reduced risk of AML
Survival advantage

This review provides practical recommendations for the use of azacitidine, a demethylating agent, in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Azacitidine has demonstrated a reduced risk of transformation to AML, improved blood values, and a survival advantage compared to conventional care regimens. The review discusses the management of azacitidine side effects to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Hydroxyurea, azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy in patients with previously untreated non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in the elderly: results from a pilot trial.

Author: NandSucha, GodwinJohn, SmithScott, BartonKevin, MichaelisLaura, AlkanSerhan, VeerappanRanjitha, RychlikKaren, GermanoEliza, StiffPatrick

High CR rate
Safe and effective treatment for AML and MDS
Early death due to disease progression

This Phase II study assessed the efficacy and toxicity of a combination regimen of hydroxyurea (HU), azacitidine, and low-dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) in elderly patients with AML and high-risk MDS. The regimen achieved a CR in 70% of patients, with a median remission duration of 8 months and median survival of 10 months. Overall toxicity was manageable.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

A pilot pharmacokinetic study of oral azacitidine.

Author: Garcia-ManeroG, StoltzM L, WardM R, KantarjianH, SharmaS

AML treatment
MDS treatment

Azacitidine is a drug used to treat blood cancers. It is currently given by injection, but a new oral formulation is being developed. This study found that oral azacitidine is absorbed into the bloodstream and that it is well-tolerated. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of oral azacitidine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Activity of decitabine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome previously treated with azacitidine.

Author: BorthakurGautam, AhdabSamih El, RavandiFarhad, FaderlStefan, FerrajoliAlessandra, NewmanBeth, IssaJean-Pierre, KantarjianHagop

Myelodysplastic syndrome treatment
Toxicity

Decitabine is effective in treating patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who have failed azacitidine therapy.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

28.

Safety and clinical activity of the combination of 5-azacytidine, valproic acid, and all-trans retinoic acid in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

Author: SorianoAndres O, YangHui, FaderlStefan, EstrovZeev, GilesFrancis, RavandiFarhad, CortesJorge, WierdaWilliam G, OuzounianSouzanne, QuezadaAndres, PierceSherry, EsteyElihu H, IssaJean-Pierre J, KantarjianHagop M, Garcia-ManeroGuillermo

ATRA sensitivity
Antileukemia activity
Neurotoxicity

This phase 1/2 study investigated the combination of 5-azacitidine (5-AZA), valproic acid (VPA), and ATRA in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. The combination was found to be safe and had significant clinical activity.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Activity of decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

Author: AribiAhmed, BorthakurGautam, RavandiFarhad, ShanJianqin, DavissonJan, CortesJorge, KantarjianHagop

CMML treatment
MDS treatment

This study evaluated the activity and safety of decitabine in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

30.

Phase I trial of sequential low-dose 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine plus high-dose intravenous bolus interleukin-2 in patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma.

Author: GollobJared A, SciambiCatherine J, PetersonBercedis L, RichmondTina, ThoresonMonica, MoranKelly, DressmanHolly K, JelinekJaroslav, IssaJean-Pierre J

Antitumor activity
Toxicity

This study investigates the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) plus high-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2) in patients with melanoma and renal cell cancer. The combination aims to modulate the toxicity and antitumor activity of immunotherapy by using a hypomethylating agent.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

The role of fetal hemoglobin-enhancing agents in thalassemia.

Author: LalAshutosh, VichinskyElliott

Beta-thalassemia severity reduction
HbF synthesis augmentation
Long-term side effects
Toxicity

Decitabine, a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, is being investigated as a potential treatment for beta-thalassemia, as it can increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis and potentially improve the severity of the disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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