Effects of chloral hydrate: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Chloral hydrate is a sedative commonly used in children, but it can have side effects. These side effects include ataxia, excitement, delayed sedation, light sleep during sedation, and behavioral changes after sedation. These effects may vary depending on the child's age, dosage, and individual sensitivity. 24

Chloral hydrate is also used to sedate young children undergoing echocardiograms. One study found that side effects such as ataxia, excitement, delayed sedation, light sleep during sedation, and behavioral changes after sedation occurred after chloral hydrate administration. 24

Adding dextrose to chloral hydrate has been investigated as a way to mitigate side effects. One study found that adding dextrose to chloral hydrate did not significantly affect sedation time, anxiety, pain reduction, or the occurrence of gastrointestinal complications during sedation. However, children over 24 months of age showed no cases of vomiting in the dextrose group, compared to three cases (30%) in the control group. 1

Chloral hydrate may also be toxic to the liver in rats. Repeated high doses of chloral hydrate in rats resulted in decreased liver antioxidant enzyme activity, increased lipid peroxidation levels, and elevated serum liver enzyme activity. Furthermore, chloral hydrate administration induced liver cell apoptosis. 4

Chloral hydrate acts as an anesthetic in rats. However, it has been shown to increase heart rate and decrease blood pressure in rats. These effects suggest that chloral hydrate impacts heart function in rats. 10

Combining chloral hydrate with other anesthetics can exacerbate side effects. For example, combining chloral hydrate with nitrous oxide can increase the degree of respiratory depression. 17

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Chloral hydrate is considered to be effective as a sedative for children. Chloral hydrate can induce sedation during medical procedures such as echocardiograms, CT scans, and MRI scans in children, allowing for smoother completion of these procedures. Chloral hydrate is also used for sedation during dental treatment, reducing anxiety and fear for children undergoing dental procedures.

Risk Summary

Chloral hydrate can cause side effects such as ataxia, excitement, delayed sedation, light sleep during sedation, and behavioral changes after sedation. It has also been shown to be potentially toxic to the liver. Moreover, when combined with other anesthetics, chloral hydrate can potentially increase the degree of respiratory depression.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Many studies indicate that chloral hydrate is effective as a sedative for children. There is also a consensus that chloral hydrate can have potential side effects.

Differences in Studies

Research has revealed variations in the extent and types of side effects caused by chloral hydrate. The dosage and method of administration of chloral hydrate can also influence the severity of side effects.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Numerous studies indicate that chloral hydrate is effective as a sedative for children. However, it has also been noted that chloral hydrate can lead to side effects. The severity and types of side effects vary across studies. Thus, further research is necessary to better understand the side effects of chloral hydrate.

Practical Application Notes

Chloral hydrate has shown effectiveness as a sedative for children. However, it can also cause side effects. Therefore, it's crucial to understand the risks associated with chloral hydrate administration in children and to follow a doctor's instructions. If side effects occur, consult a doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of chloral hydrate is still insufficient. Specifically, the long-term effects of chloral hydrate are not fully understood.

Future Research Directions

Further research on the side effects of chloral hydrate is necessary. In particular, detailed research on the long-term effects of chloral hydrate is essential. Investigating methods to mitigate side effects from chloral hydrate is also crucial.

Conclusion

Chloral hydrate has been shown to be effective as a sedative for children. However, it can cause side effects. Therefore, it is essential to understand the risks associated with chloral hydrate administration in children and to follow a doctor's instructions. If side effects occur, consult a doctor immediately.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
10
Article Type
4
0
0
0
24
2.

Short-term effects of single-dose chloral hydrate on neonatal auditory perception: An auditory event-related potential study.

Author: ZhangQinfen, LiHongxin, DongXuan, TuWenjuan

Neonatal auditory perception
Auditory perception impact

A single-dose of chloral hydrate impacts neonatal auditory perception in the short-term.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Comparison of Effects of Different Dexmedetomidine and Chloral Hydrate Doses Used in Sedation on Electroencephalography in Pediatric Patients.

Author: GumusHakan, BayramAyşe Kacar, PoyrazogluHatice Gamze, CanpolatDilek Gunay, PerHuseyin, CanpolatMehmet, YildizKaramehmet, KumandasSefer

EEG sedation

This study compared the efficacy and safety of chloral hydrate and dexmedetomidine for sedation during electroencephalography (EEG) in children. Dexmedetomidine was found to be safe and effective for sedation during EEG.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Psychological and behavioral effects of chloral hydrate in day-case pediatric surgery: a randomized, observer-blinded study.

Author: KilHae K, KimWon O, HanSang W, KwonYoungjun, LeeAerina, HongJeong-Yeon

Improved compliance
Reduced anxiety
Reduced pain
No effect on behavior
No effect on delirium

Oral chloral hydrate was found to effectively reduce preoperative anxiety in young boys undergoing day-case orchiopexy, leading to improved induction compliance and reduced postoperative pain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

A comparison of the effects of ketamine, chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium anesthesia on isolated rat hearts and cardiomyocytes.

Author: JiangXinwei, GaoLiping, ZhangYang, WangGuangming, LiuYing, YanChangdong, SunHong

Chloral hydrate hearts

Chloral hydrate was the most suitable anesthetic for studies of isolated hearts and cardiomyocytes in rats. Ketamine and pentobarbital sodium significantly decreased heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and the maximal rate of increase of left ventricular pressure. Pentobarbital sodium also inhibited cell shortening amplitude and reduced the survival rate of cardiomyocytes.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Differential effects of chloral hydrate- and ketamine/xylazine-induced anesthesia by the s.c. route.

Author: RodriguesStephen F, de OliveiraMaria Aparecida, MartinsJoilson O, SannomiyaPaulina, de Cássia TostesRita, NigroDorothy, CarvalhoMaria Helena C, FortesZuleica Bruno

Hemodynamic alterations

Chloral hydrate and ketamine/xylazine were compared as anesthetics in male Wistar rats. Both agents altered metabolic and hemodynamic parameters, but chloral hydrate was deemed more suitable for studies of microvascular reactivity due to ketamine/xylazine's effects on vasoactive agent responses.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

The assessment of genotoxic effects in lymphocyte cultures of infants treated with chloral hydrate.

Author: IkbalMevlit, TastekinAyhan, DoganHasan, PirimIbrahim, OrsRahmi

Genotoxicity

This study found that chloral hydrate, a sedative commonly used in infants, can cause genetic damage in infants' blood cells.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

The effects of nitrous oxide on pediatric dental patients sedated with chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine.

Author: WilsonS, MatusakA, CasamassimoP S, LarsenP

Behavioral and physiologic parameters

The effect of 50% nitrous oxide (N2O) compared to oxygen (O2) alone on behavioral and physiologic parameters was evaluated in young children receiving chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine for dental procedures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

Unusual death attributed to the combined effects of chloral hydrate, lidocaine, and nitrous oxide.

Author: EngelhartD A, LavinsE S, HazenstabC B, SutheimerC A

None reported
Drug intoxication

This abstract describes a case of fatal intoxication in a 2-year-old child due to chloral hydrate, lidocaine, and nitrous oxide.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Chloral hydrate sedation: the additive sedative and respiratory depressant effects of nitrous oxide.

Author: LitmanR S, KottraJ A, VergaK A, BerkowitzR J, WardD S

Deep sedation
Respiratory depression

Adding N2O to chloral hydrate often causes decreases in ventilation and usually results in deep, not conscious, sedation in children.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Anti-serotonergic effects of urethane and chloral hydrate may not be mediated by a blockade of 5-HT2 receptors. Short communication.

Author: DringenbergH C, BakerG B, UrichukL J, VanderwolfC H

Anti-serotonergic effects

Urethane and chloral hydrate, general anesthetics, did not significantly block 5-HT2 receptors, suggesting that their anti-serotonergic effects may be mediated through other mechanisms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Effects of chloral hydrate on the cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia in newborn piglets.

Author: YuX Q, SuguiharaC, NavarroH, HehreD, HuangJ, BancalariE

Avoid in hemodynamic derangements
Cardiovascular changes

Chloral hydrate, a sedative, did not significantly modify the ventilatory response to hypoxia in newborn piglets. However, it did produce some changes in the cardiovascular system that should be considered when using it in infants with hemodynamic derangements.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

The effects of nitrous oxide on behavior and physiological parameters during conscious sedation with a moderate dose of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine.

Author: McCannW, WilsonS, LarsenP, StehleB

This study compared the effects of nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O) and oxygen (O2) alone on physiological and behavioral parameters in children sedated with chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine. While no significant differences were found in any parameter as a function of inhalation agent, N2O resulted in less crying and struggling and more quiet behaviors than O2. This suggests that moderate doses of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine, combined with N2O, are not associated with significant potentiation effects on physiological parameters compared to the same oral agents with O2 alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Differential effects of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium on a cocaine level and its catecholamine response in the medial prefrontal cortex: a comparison with conscious rats.

Author: PanW H, LaiY J, ChenN H

Anesthesia suppression

Anesthetics can suppress neuronal responses to cocaine. Chloral hydrate does not significantly suppress cocaine-induced catecholamine responses in the medial prefrontal cortex, while pentobarbital sodium does.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Differential effects of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium on cocaine-induced electroencephalographic desynchronization at the medial prefrontal cortex in rats.

Author: PanW H, ChenN H, LaiY J, LuohH F

Chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium anesthetics differentially affected the cocaine-induced EEG desynchronization in rats, but did not affect dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Spermatid micronucleus analyses of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate effects in mice.

Author: AllenJ W, CollinsB W, EvanskyP A

Spermatid micronucleus induction

Trichloroethylene did not induce micronuclei in early spermatids of mice. Chloral hydrate, a metabolite of trichloroethylene, induced micronuclei in spermatids when treatments corresponded to spermatogonial stem cell or preleptotene spermatocyte stages.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

24.

Chloral hydrate side effects in young children: causes and management.

Author: LipshitzM, MarinoB L, SandersS T

Chloral hydrate sedation
Chloral hydrate
Sedation side effect

Factors related to undesired effects of chloral hydrate in young children undergoing echocardiogram are being studied. Undesired effects include ataxia, excitement, delayed sedation, light sleep, and behavioral changes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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