Side Effects of cyclosporine: A Synthesis of Findings from 15 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Cyclosporine is a medication commonly used to suppress the immune system after organ transplantation. While it's effective in preventing organ rejection, cyclosporine can cause various side effects. A study involving 50 kidney transplant recipients, 4 , found no direct link between cyclosporine levels in the blood and the occurrence of side effects. However, another study with 225 kidney transplant recipients, 6 , showed that higher cyclosporine levels in the blood were associated with higher levels of potassium, cholesterol, uric acid, and blood pressure.

Reasons for Side Effects

Cyclosporine works by suppressing the activity of immune cells, which helps prevent the body from rejecting the transplanted organ. However, this suppression can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and can also affect the normal function and metabolism of cells. This explains why cyclosporine use is associated with side effects.

Common Side Effects

Hypertension

Hypertension (high blood pressure) has been observed in individuals taking cyclosporine, as documented in studies 4 and 6 .

Hyperglycemia

Cyclosporine has been linked to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), as reported in studies 4 and 2 .

Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood) is another potential side effect of cyclosporine, as shown in the study 6 .

Hypercholesterolemia

Cyclosporine can also lead to hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), according to the findings of study 6 .

Kidney Dysfunction

Cyclosporine can cause kidney dysfunction. The study 2 reported patients experiencing decreased kidney function after taking cyclosporine.

Other Side Effects

Cyclosporine can also cause a variety of other side effects. Study 14 reported eye-related side effects with cyclosporine use. Study reported liver side effects with cyclosporine. Study 11 reported heart side effects with cyclosporine.

Managing Side Effects

Blood Pressure Control

Hypertension caused by cyclosporine can be managed through lifestyle changes and antihypertensive medication.

Blood Sugar Control

Hyperglycemia resulting from cyclosporine use can be controlled with lifestyle modifications and antidiabetic medications.

Potassium Level Control

Hyperkalemia caused by cyclosporine can be managed with dietary changes and diuretics.

Cholesterol Level Control

Hypercholesterolemia caused by cyclosporine can be controlled with dietary changes and cholesterol-lowering medications.

Kidney Function Monitoring

Kidney dysfunction caused by cyclosporine can be addressed by early detection through regular examinations and appropriate treatment to prevent further deterioration.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have reported side effects such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, and hypercholesterolemia associated with cyclosporine.

Differences

The relationship between cyclosporine blood levels and the occurrence of side effects has varied between studies. The study 4 found no significant correlation between cyclosporine levels and side effects, while the study 6 suggested a tendency towards a higher risk of side effects like hypertension when cyclosporine levels are elevated.

Cautions for Real-World Application

Cyclosporine is a valuable medication for preventing organ rejection after transplantation and for treating other diseases requiring immunosuppression, but it's essential to remember the potential side effects. When taking cyclosporine, it's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions and undergo regular checkups to ensure early detection and proper management of any side effects.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on cyclosporine side effects is still ongoing and not completely comprehensive. More research, particularly on the relationship between cyclosporine levels and side effects, is needed.

Future Research Directions

The development of new treatment methods and preventative measures to reduce cyclosporine side effects is crucial. Larger-scale studies involving a greater number of patients are necessary to fully understand the relationship between cyclosporine blood levels and side effects.

Conclusion

Cyclosporine is an effective drug for preventing organ rejection. However, it can lead to side effects such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, and hypercholesterolemia. To minimize the risk of these side effects, it's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions and participate in regular checkups to allow for early identification and proper management of any issues that may arise.

Literature analysis of 15 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
3
Article Type
4
0
0
2
15
1.

Low-dose short-term cyclosporine versus etretinate in psoriasis: improvement of skin, nail, and joint involvement.

Author: MahrleG, SchulzeH J, FärberL, WeidingerG, SteiglederG K

Nail and joint improvement
Psoriasis treatment
Cyclosporine side effects
Relapse risk

Low-dose short-term cyclosporine therapy was highly effective and well tolerated for psoriasis, compared to etretinate. Remission was better preserved by tapering the drug than by discontinuing treatment abruptly.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Efficacy, Side Effects, and Monitoring of Oral Cyclosporine in Interstitial Cystitis-Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Author: CrescenzeIryna M, TuckyBarbara, LiJianbo, MooreCourtenay, ShoskesDaniel A

Improved IC-BPS symptoms
Decreased renal function
Elevated serum glucose
Hypertension

Oral cyclosporine A (CyA) can be effective in a proportion of patients with refractory interstitial cystitis-bladder pain syndrome (IC-BPS). Patients with Hunner lesions are more likely to benefit. Monitoring drug levels can minimize toxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Cyclosporine trough levels and its side effects in kidney transplant recipients.

Author: HamiMaryam, MojahediMohammad Javad, NaghibiMasih, ShakeriMohammad Taghi, SharifipourFarzaneh

Cyclosporine side effects

Cyclosporine trough level did not have a direct relationship with drug side effects in kidney transplant recipients, suggesting that it is not a suitable measure for assessing drug side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Side effects of cyclosporine-A treatment in rats: gingival overgrowth and early hyperglycemia.

Author: CatanzaroOrlando L, LauriaLorena Calvo, ObregonPablo, LabalEmilio S, RodriguezRicardo R

Gingival overgrowth
New-onset diabetes

Cyclosporine A (CsA) was associated with the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus and gingival overgrowth in rats, suggesting a link between the two.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Exploring cyclosporine A-side effects and the protective role-played by antioxidants: the morphological and immunohistochemical studies.

Author: RezzaniR

Antioxidants reduce CsA toxicity
CsA cardiotoxicity
CsA hepatotoxicity
CsA nephrotoxicity

This review summarizes the general aspects of cyclosporine A (CsA), the classification of antioxidants, and their potential to improve CsA side effects. Antioxidants have been shown to reduce CsA-induced nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Neuropsychiatric side effects of FK506 vs. cyclosporine A. First-week postoperative findings.

Author: DiMartiniA F, TrzepaczP T, PajerK A, FaettD, FungJ

Cognitive recovery
Cognitive impairment

This study compared the neuropsychiatric side effects of FK506 and cyclosporine A in liver transplant patients. The study found no significant differences between the two drugs, although both were associated with some cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that both drugs are well tolerated in terms of neuropsychiatric side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Efficacy and side-effects of cyclosporine dose monitoring with levels 6 h after the morning dose in heart transplant patients.

Author: CantarovichM, BesnerJ G, FitchettD H, LatterD A

Reduced CsA cost
Reduced CsA dose
Acute rejection
Renal dysfunction

This study compared CsA dose monitoring with trough levels (T0) vs. levels obtained 6 hours after the morning dose (T6) in heart transplant patients. Monitoring with T6 levels resulted in a lower cumulative CsA dose and cost, without compromising efficacy in preventing acute rejection or affecting cardiac and renal function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Cellular mechanisms of cyclosporine A-associated side-effects: role of endothelin.

Author: Meyer-LehnertH, BokemeyerD, FriedrichsU, BäckerA, KramerH J

Arterial hypertension
Nephrotoxicity

This study investigated the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA) on vascular smooth muscle cells. CsA enhanced angiotensin II-induced calcium mobilization, leading to increased endothelin production. These findings suggest that endothelin may play a key role in CsA-associated side effects such as hypertension.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Ocular and visual side effects of systemic cyclosporine.

Author: ApaydinC, GurB, YakupogluG, SakaO

Immunosuppressant
Cataract
Macular hyperpigmentation

Systemic cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant used in renal transplant recipients, was not associated with significant ocular or visual side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Adaptational increase of liver glutathione content during long-term application of cyclosporine A may attenuate toxic side effects.

Author: MüllerK, SiemsW G, GruneT, DavidH, HenkeW, JungK

Liver adaptation to oxidative stress
Kidney damage
Oxidative stress

Long-term high-dose cyclosporine A therapy caused an increase in oxidized glutathione in the liver and kidney, suggesting oxidative stress. This effect was more pronounced in the kidney, which also lost adenine nucleotides.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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