Effective treatment of ginkgo: A Synthesis of Findings from 15 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) have been used in traditional medicines for centuries and have been shown to have protective effects against symptoms of age-related cognitive decline. 15 However, there is still variability in the absorption and efficacy of different GBE extracts. 15 A study investigated the absorption of a liposomal formulation of GBE (Ginkgosome™) compared to a comparator formulation of equal dose. 15 Research indicates that GBE may interact with certain medications, including warfarin, an anticoagulant. 11 GBE did not affect the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol, a drug used to treat peripheral artery disease, but there was a remarkable, though not statistically significant, increase in inhibition of platelet aggregation when GBE was co-administered with cilostazol. 12 Ginkgo biloba did not have a robust effect on cognitive abilities or mood in healthy young or older adults. 8 However, in older adults, long-term memory assessed by associational learning tasks showed improvement with ginkgo. 8 A systematic review and meta-analysis found that standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 at 240 mg/day was able to stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change at 22-26 weeks in cognitive impairment and dementia, especially for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. 13 Ginkgo biloba has been shown to improve blood viscosity, cerebral perfusion, and global cognitive functioning in elderly individuals. 5 Ginkgo leaf concentrated oral liquor (GLC) has been shown to be an effective drug for reducing airway inflammation in asthma patients. 2 Short-term use of Ginkgo biloba in healthy volunteers did not have any immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables. 4 An acute dose of ginkgo significantly improved performance on sustained-attention and pattern-recognition memory tasks in healthy university students; however, there were no effects on working memory, planning, mental flexibility, or mood. 7 After 6 weeks of treatment, there were no significant effects of ginkgo on mood or any of the cognitive tests, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants. 7 Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) has been reputed to ameliorate cognitive decline in the elderly and slow cognitive deterioration in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. 3 It has also been reported to enhance cognitive function in patients with selected neural disorders. 6 However, ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating the symptoms of the post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function in healthy young adults. 6 A review of systematic reviews found that Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) at doses greater than 200mg/day (usually 240mg/day) administrated for 22 weeks or longer had potentially beneficial effects on cognitive performance, activities of daily living, and clinical global impression in the treatment of dementia. 14 However, no sufficient evidence supports the favorable effects of GbE administrated for less than 22 weeks. 14

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Ginkgo biloba has been shown to potentially benefit cognitive function, blood flow, blood clotting, and inflammation. 5 2 It may also improve long-term memory in older adults. 8 It has been shown to potentially stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia, especially those with neuropsychiatric symptoms. 13

Risks Summary

While generally considered safe, ginkgo biloba can interact with certain medications, such as warfarin. 10 11 It can also increase the risk of bleeding. 10 It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking ginkgo biloba, especially if you are taking any medications or have any pre-existing health conditions. 10

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Many studies indicate that ginkgo biloba may impact cognitive function, blood flow, blood clotting, and inflammation. 5 2 Several studies also suggest that ginkgo biloba is generally safe. 10

Differences in Studies

Ginkgo biloba research varies in participants, dosages, and study durations, making direct comparisons challenging. 3 6 Some studies show ginkgo biloba having no significant effect on cognitive function or mood, while others demonstrate improvements in cognitive function and long-term memory. 8 13 Research on interactions with specific medications indicates that ginkgo biloba may affect warfarin’s pharmacokinetics but not cilostazol’s. 11 12 These results suggest that ginkgo biloba’s effects can vary between individuals and further investigation is necessary.

Consistency and Discrepancies in Results

The research findings on ginkgo biloba’s effects are consistent in some areas but show discrepancies in others. 3 6 8 13 Some studies suggest that ginkgo biloba has no significant effect on cognitive function or mood, while others indicate improvements in cognitive function and long-term memory. 8 13 Research on interactions with specific medications shows that ginkgo biloba might affect warfarin’s pharmacokinetics but not cilostazol’s. 11 12 These contrasting results suggest that ginkgo biloba’s effects can vary between individuals and more in-depth research is needed.

Cautions for Real-World Application

Ginkgo biloba has been shown to potentially benefit cognitive function, blood flow, blood clotting, and inflammation. 5 2 However, it can interact with certain medications and increase the risk of bleeding. 10 11 It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking ginkgo biloba, particularly if you are on any medications or have pre-existing health conditions. 10

Limitations of Current Research

Research on ginkgo biloba’s effects is not yet comprehensive. 3 6 8 13 Studies vary in participants, dosages, and durations, making direct comparisons challenging. 3 6 Some studies show ginkgo biloba having no significant effect on cognitive function or mood, while others demonstrate improvements in cognitive function and long-term memory. 8 13 These contrasting results suggest that ginkgo biloba’s effects can vary between individuals and more in-depth research is needed.

Future Research Directions

Larger-scale, long-term studies are needed to investigate ginkgo biloba’s effects in greater detail. 3 6 8 13 Research into the effects of different dosages and administration methods is also required. 15 Furthermore, in-depth research into the interactions of ginkgo biloba with specific medications is necessary. 10 11 12 These studies will lead to a clearer understanding of ginkgo biloba’s effects.

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba has shown potential benefits for cognitive function, blood flow, blood clotting, and inflammation, but it can interact with specific medications and increase the risk of bleeding. 5 2 10 11 It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking ginkgo biloba, especially if you are on any medications or have pre-existing health conditions. 10 More in-depth research will provide a clearer understanding of ginkgo biloba’s effects.

Literature analysis of 15 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
1
Article Type
12
1
3
3
15
1.

EEG profile of three different extractions of Ginkgo biloba.

Author: KünkelH

Improved cognitive function

Two studies investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the brain. In the first study, three different doses of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761, Tebonin) were compared to placebo. The second study compared three different Ginkgo biloba extracts (Tebonin and two fractions). Both studies used a double-blind, crossover design with 12 healthy men. Ginkgo biloba was administered for 3 days before EEG recordings. The studies found that Ginkgo biloba extract affected brain activity, but did not change the dominant brain wave frequencies. The differences between the two studies' results are discussed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

[Effects of ginkgo leave concentrated oral liquor in treating asthma].

Author: LiM H, ZhangH L, YangB Y

Airway hyperreactivity reduction
Clinical symptom improvement
Pulmonary function improvement

Ginkgo leave concentrated oral liquor (GLC) significantly reduced airway hyperreactivity and improved clinical symptoms and pulmonary function in asthmatic patients compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Chinese

3.

Neuropsychological changes after 30-day Ginkgo biloba administration in healthy participants.

Author: StoughC, ClarkeJ, LloydJ, NathanP J

Cognitive improvement
Executive processing improvement
Memory improvement

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is known for its potential cognitive benefits in the elderly and those with dementia. This study investigated the effects of EGb on cognitive function in healthy young adults. Results showed that a 30-day EGb treatment led to significant improvements in speed of information processing, working memory, and executive processing compared to a placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic effects of short-term Ginkgo biloba.

Author: KalusJames S, PiotrowskiAlexandria A, FortierChristopher R, LiuXinhcun, KlugerJeffrey, WhiteC Michael

Well tolerated

Ginkgo biloba had no immediate or short-term effects on blood pressure, heart rate, or electrocardiographic variables in young, healthy volunteers.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Cognitive performance, SPECT, and blood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Ginkgo biloba.

Author: SantosR F, GaldurózJ C, BarbieriA, CastiglioniM L, YtayaL Y, BuenoO F

Ginkgo biloba for cognitive function

This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function in older men. The experimental group showed reduced blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion, and enhanced cognitive function compared to the control group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba on alertness and chemosensory function in healthy adults.

Author: MattesRichard D, PawlikM Kate

Improved chemosensory function

Ginkgo biloba was ineffective in alleviating post-lunch dip symptoms or enhancing taste and smell function in healthy young adults, despite previous reports of its cognitive-enhancing properties.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.

Author: ElsabaghSarah, HartleyDavid E, AliOsama, WilliamsonElizabeth M, FileSandra E

Improve attention
Improve memory
Tolerance develops

An acute dose of ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Ginkgo biloba: no robust effect on cognitive abilities or mood in healthy young or older adults.

Author: BurnsNicholas R, BryanJanet, NettelbeckTed

Few side effects
Improved long-term memory
Improved memory function
Limited impact on other cognitive functions
Memory problems
No effect on young adults
Unclear mechanism

This study investigated the effects of ginkgo biloba extract on cognitive function, attention, and mood in older and younger adults. Ginkgo (120 mg per day) showed a small improvement in long-term memory in older adults, but no other significant effects were observed. No significant effects were found in younger adults. The study also found that ginkgo was generally well-tolerated with minimal side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: DeKoskySteven T, WilliamsonJeff D, FitzpatrickAnnette L, KronmalRichard A, IvesDiane G, SaxtonJudith A, LopezOscar L, BurkeGregory, CarlsonMichelle C, FriedLinda P, KullerLewis H, RobbinsJohn A, TracyRussell P, WoolardNancy F, DunnLeslie, SnitzBeth E, NahinRichard L, FurbergCurt D,

Ineffective for dementia

Ginkgo biloba did not effectively reduce the incidence of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly individuals with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

An update on drug interactions with the herbal medicine Ginkgo biloba.

Author: AbadMaría José, BedoyaLuis Miguel, BermejoPaulina

Enhance memory function
Treat cerebral insufficiency
Treat peripheral vascular diseases
Drug interactions
Side effects

This systematic review assessed the clinical evidence on interactions between Ginkgo biloba and drugs, highlighting the importance of potential drug interactions and side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

[Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on anticoagulation and blood drug level of warfarin in healthy wolunteers].

Author: ZhouYulu, ZengRong

None
Pharmacokinetic effects

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) had limited effects on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, increasing C(max), AUC(0-144 min), AUC(0-infinity), t1/2, and decreasing CL(F), but did not significantly affect its pharmacodynamics or anticoagulant activity.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

12.

The effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cilostazol and its active metabolites in healthy Korean subjects.

Author: KimHo-Sook, KimGa-Young, YeoChang-Woo, OhMinkyung, GhimJong-Lyul, ShonJi-Hong, KimEun-Young, KimDong-Hyun, ShinJae-Gook

No significant effect
Possible pharmacodynamic interaction

This study investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBE) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cilostazol in healthy subjects. GBE did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of cilostazol or its metabolites. However, a remarkable, but not statistically significant, increase in inhibition of platelet aggregation was observed with the co-administration of GBE.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: TanMeng-Shan, YuJin-Tai, TanChen-Chen, WangHui-Fu, MengXiang-Fei, WangChong, JiangTeng, ZhuXi-Chen, TanLan

Improved behavior
Improved cognition
Improved function
Improved global change
Cognitive impairment
Dementia

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 at a dose of 240 mg/day can stabilize or slow cognitive decline in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia. The benefits are more pronounced in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. No significant safety concerns were identified.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

14.

Effects of Ginkgo biloba on dementia: An overview of systematic reviews.

Author: YuanQiuju, WangChong-Wen, ShiJun, LinZhi-Xiu

Improved cognitive function
Improved daily living
Improved overall impression

This overview of systematic reviews evaluated the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) in the treatment of dementia. GbE had potentially beneficial effects on cognitive performance, activities of daily living, and clinical global impression at doses greater than 200mg/day for 22 weeks or longer. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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