Side Effects of glatiramer injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 33 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is an immunomodulatory drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), as reported in 8 , 18 . 19 suggests GA is not effective in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Several studies have shown that GA is generally well-tolerated, with a favorable risk-benefit profile, and its long-term safety profile remains favorable. 24 examined the discontinuation rates of GA and other disease-modifying drugs in RRMS patients, finding discontinuation was not necessarily due to side effects.

Reasons for Side Effects

GA's side effects are commonly reported in various studies, including 8 , 5 , 3 , 9 , 1 . The reasons for these side effects can be attributed to its immunomodulatory properties. GA stimulates the immune system, potentially causing various inflammatory reactions, and can sometimes lead to unexpected side effects like contact dermatitis ( 6 ) or even Nicolau syndrome ( 1 ).

Common Side Effects

Injection Site Reactions

The most frequently reported side effect of GA is injection site reactions, as documented in 8 , 5 , 3 , 9 , 14 , 11 , 4 . These can include pain, redness, swelling, and induration. While generally mild, serious reactions such as injection site panniculitis ( 3 , 4 ) or lipoatrophy ( 3 ) can occur.

Systemic Reactions

Systemic reactions are also possible with GA, as noted in 8 , 5 . These reactions can manifest as rash, fever, shortness of breath, dizziness, or digestive issues. Although usually mild and short-lived, they can be serious in some cases.

Other Side Effects

Beyond injection site and systemic reactions, GA can cause less common but potentially serious side effects such as liver dysfunction ( 7 , 2 ), skin inflammation ( 6 ), and increased lymphocytes ( 9 , 7 ). 17 found that patients previously treated with interferon may have a lower persistence rate with GA therapy, suggesting a potential for differing responses or side effects.

Side Effect Countermeasures

Countermeasures for Injection Site Reactions

Several strategies exist to mitigate injection site reactions, as reported in 5 , 12 , 4 . These include:

  • Cooling the injection site.
  • Applying nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to the injection site.
  • Applying steroids to the injection site.
  • Massaging the injection site.
  • Applying local anesthetics to the injection site.

Countermeasures for Systemic Reactions

To address systemic reactions, as mentioned in 8 , the following approaches are often employed:

  • Temporarily discontinuing GA administration.
  • Taking antihistamines.
  • Taking steroids.

Countermeasures for Other Side Effects

For other less common side effects, as highlighted in 7 , 2 , the focus is often on:

  • Discontinuing GA administration.
  • Treating liver dysfunction.
  • Treating skin inflammation.
  • Treating increased lymphocytes.

Comparison between Studies

Common Points of Research

The majority of research suggests that GA is an effective treatment for RRMS. GA is generally considered safe with mild side effects. However, injection site reactions remain a common concern.

Differences in Research

Some studies indicate that varying administration methods, dosages, and durations of GA treatment could lead to different outcomes. For example, 17 found lower persistence rates with GA therapy in patients previously treated with interferon.

Precautions for Applying to Real Life

While GA is an effective treatment option for RRMS, as reported in 18 , it's important to be aware of potential side effects. Before starting GA, talk to your doctor to ensure it's the right treatment for you. If you are taking GA, follow your doctor's instructions carefully and report any side effects promptly.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on GA side effects is still ongoing and not exhaustive. Long-term impact studies remain limited. Furthermore, individual responses to GA and the severity of side effects can vary significantly.

Future Research Directions

To further understand GA side effects, additional research is necessary. This research should focus on long-term impact, individual variability in response, and methods for minimizing or preventing side effects.

Conclusion

GA is a promising treatment for RRMS, as noted in 18 , but it's crucial to be informed about potential side effects. Consult with your doctor to determine if GA is the right treatment for you and, if taking GA, adhere to your doctor's instructions and report any side effects promptly.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Treats relapsing multiple sclerosis
1
Panniculitis diagnosis
3
Induration reduction
Pain reduction
4
MS treatment
5
MS treatment
6
MS treatment
7
Multiple sclerosis treatment
8
MS treatment
9
MS treatment adherence
10
Improved MS control
Reduced disease progression
11
Pain management
12
MS treatment
13
Fewer relapses
Neurological improvement
14
Multiple sclerosis treatment
15
MS treatment
17
Brain atrophy reduction
MS treatment
Reduced relapse rate
18
MS treatment tolerability
20
Dimethyl fumarate for MS
21
MS treatment
22
Oral DMT convenience
23
MS treatment
Medication persistence
24
Reduced relapse risk
25
Improved adherence
MS treatment
Oral administration
26
Improved MS
27
Fingolimod satisfaction
28
Reduced relapse risk
29
Disability progression
Improved adherence
Reduce relapses
30
Reduced dosing frequency
Reduced side effects
Safe and efficacious treatment
31
Convenience
RRMS treatment
32
Improved MS outcome
33
Risk Keywords
Nicolau syndrome
Skin reactions
1
Hepatotoxicity
2
Drug-induced panniculitis
3
Lipoatrophy
Skin reactions
5
Contact dermatitis
6
Adverse effects
7
Injection site reactions
8
Lymphocytic infiltration
9
Injection site soreness
11
Toxicity
13
Anxiety
Chest tightness
Flushing
Injection site reactions
Palpitations
Sweating
16
Adverse event
Treatment failure
17
Relapses
Skin reactions
19
Gastrointestinal side effects
21
Side effects
22
Side effect reporting
23
Side effects
Toxicity
25
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Side effects
26
Skin reactions
27
Insurance coverage issues
28
Side effects
29
Discontinuation
Missed doses
30
Fatal complications
Side effects
32
Literature analysis of 33 papers
Positive Content
29
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
1
2
12
33
1.

[Suprapubic Nicolau syndrome following subcutaneous injection of glatiramer acetate].

Author: BlindA, LenormandC, SchisslerC, CribierB, LipskerD

Treats relapsing multiple sclerosis
Nicolau syndrome
Skin reactions

This case report describes a patient who developed Nicolau syndrome, a rare but serious iatrogenic accident, following a change in dosage and administration rate of subcutaneous glatiramer acetate (Copaxone).

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

3.

Drug-induced panniculitides.

Author: BorroniG, TortiS, D'OspinaR M, PezziniC

Panniculitis diagnosis
Drug-induced panniculitis

This article reviews drug-induced panniculitides, focusing on erythema nodosum (EN). The authors discuss the variety of medications that can induce EN and highlight the need for careful monitoring and diagnosis of drug-induced panniculitides.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Contact dermatitis induced by glatiramer acetate.

Author: HaltmeierS, YildizM, MüllerS, AnlikerM D, HeinzerlingL

MS treatment
Contact dermatitis

This case report describes a 39-year-old woman who developed contact dermatitis after receiving glatiramer acetate injections for two months. The drug was discontinued, and the patient was treated with topical prednisone. This is the first report on contact dermatitis induced by glatiramer acetate injections.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

[Side-effects of the treatment with disease modifying drugs in patients with multiple sclerosis: an analysis of register data in the Yaroslavl region].

Author: SpirinN N, KasatkinD S, StepanovI O, ShipovaE G, BaranovaN S

MS treatment
Adverse effects

This study compared the safety profiles of original disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) and their bioanalogues in 230 multiple sclerosis patients. Significant differences were found, suggesting the need for further investigation of the effects of different DMDs in clinical and post-marketing trials.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Russian

8.

Glatiramer acetate: successful desensitization for treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Author: BainsSonia N, HsiehFred H, RenselMary R, RadojicicCristine, KatzHary T, InamdarS Rubina, LangDavid M

Multiple sclerosis treatment
Injection site reactions

Glatiramer acetate, an immunomodulatory drug for multiple sclerosis, is associated with local injection site reactions and systemic reactions. This study explores the potential for desensitization protocols.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Jessner-Kanof lymphocytic infiltration of the skin associated with glatiramer acetate.

Author: NoldenS, CasperC, KuhnA, PetereitH F

MS treatment
Lymphocytic infiltration

A case of biopsy-proven lymphocytic infiltration (T-cell pseudolymphoma) was reported in a patient receiving glatiramer acetate treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

[Therapy of pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis -- an overview with evidence-based recommendations].

Author: PöllmannW, FenebergW, SteinbrecherA, HauptsM R, HenzeT

Pain management

Pain in multiple sclerosis patients can be classified into four categories. Treatment approaches vary depending on the type of pain and may include anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antispastic agents, physical therapy, and other strategies.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

13.

The therapy of multiple sclerosis with immune-modulating or immunosuppressive drug. A critical evaluation based upon evidence based parameters and published systematic reviews.

Author: ClericoMarinella, RivoiroChiara, ContessaGiulia, VigliettiDaniela, DurelliLuca

MS treatment
Toxicity

This review examines the evidence-based medicine (EBM) principles applied to clinical trials of immune-modulating and immunosuppressive drugs for multiple sclerosis (MS). Interferon beta is the best therapeutic option, followed by glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, and natalizumab, each with its own potential toxic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.

Author: JohnsonK P, BrooksB R, CohenJ A, FordC C, GoldsteinJ, LisakR P, MyersL W, PanitchH S, RoseJ W, SchifferR B, VollmerT, WeinerL P, WolinskyJ S

Fewer relapses
Neurological improvement

Glatiramer acetate for injection was well tolerated and safe, with significantly fewer relapses and neurological improvements in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

15.

Management of relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis with copolymer 1 (Copaxone).

Author: JohnsonK P

Multiple sclerosis treatment

This multicenter, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of copolymer I (Copazone) in treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The copolymer I group had 32% fewer relapses and significantly more patients remained relapse-free compared to the placebo group. Copolymer I is being considered for approval as a commercially available treatment for MS.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

16.

Therapy with glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis.

Author: MunariL, LovatiR, BoikoA

Anxiety
Chest tightness
Flushing
Injection site reactions
Palpitations
Sweating

Glatiramer acetate did not show any beneficial effect on disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It did not affect the risk of clinical relapses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

17.

Differential glatiramer acetate treatment persistence in treatment-naive patients compared to patients previously treated with interferon.

Author: Fernández-FournierMireya, Tallón-BarrancoAntonio, ChamorroBeatriz, Martínez-SánchezPatricia, PuertasInmaculada

MS treatment
Adverse event
Treatment failure

This study aimed to assess medication persistence with glatiramer acetate in treatment-naive patients and those previously treated with interferon for multiple sclerosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

18.

Glatiramer acetate: long-term safety and efficacy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Author: BosterAaron L, FordCorey C, NeudorferOrit, Gilgun-SherkiYossi

Brain atrophy reduction
MS treatment
Reduced relapse rate

Glatiramer acetate (GA) is approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in 57 countries worldwide. GA has a favorable risk-benefit profile, reducing the annual relapse rate by 30% and decreasing brain lesion activity. Early treatment with GA delays the onset of clinically definite MS more effectively than late treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Efficacy of glatiramer acetate in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a multicenter retrospective study.

Author: AyzenbergIlya, SchöllhammerJoanna, HoepnerRobert, HellwigKerstin, RingelsteinMarius, AktasOrhan, KümpfelTania, KrumbholzMarkus, TrebstCorinna, PaulFriedemann, PacheFlorence, ObermannMark, ZeltnerLena, SchwabMatthias, BertheleAchim, JariusSven, KleiterIngo,

Relapses
Skin reactions

Glatiramer acetate (GA) was found to be ineffective in preventing attacks in most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), especially in those with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

20.

Tolerability, treatment satisfaction and quality of life outcomes in stable multiple sclerosis patients switched from injectable therapies to auto injected intramuscular interferon beta 1a: The SFERA study.

Author: ZeccaChiara, PavelekZbyšek, PřikrylováKateřina, GhielmettiMascia, BeelerAndreas, GobbiClaudio

MS treatment tolerability

This study investigates whether switching stable multiple sclerosis (MS) patients to weekly intramuscular interferon beta-1a injections using the Avonex®Pen™ device improves treatment tolerability and quality of life compared to other injection frequencies for interferon beta or glatiramer acetate.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

21.

Gut microbiota composition during a 12-week intervention with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis - a pilot trial.

Author: Storm-LarsenC, MyhrK-M, FarbuE, MidgardR, NyquistK, BrochL, Berg-HansenP, BunessA, HolmK, UelandT, FallangL-E, Burum-AuensenE, HovJ R, HolmøyT

Dimethyl fumarate for MS
Gastrointestinal side effects

Dimethyl fumarate did not significantly alter the gut microbiota composition in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but there was a trend toward normalization of butyrate-producing bacteria.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Glutamate, T cells and multiple sclerosis.

Author: LeviteMia

MS treatment
Side effects

Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a critical role in the nervous system but can also be detrimental, leading to excitotoxicity and neuronal damage. This review examines the role of glutamate receptors in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the potential therapeutic implications of modulating glutamate signaling.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Treatment satisfaction across injectable, infusion, and oral disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.

Author: EagleTessa, StuartFiona, ChuaAlicia S, LaRussaAllison, LeclaireKaitlynne, CookSandra L, ChitnisTanuja, WeinerHoward L, GlanzBonnie I, HealyBrian C

Oral DMT convenience
Side effect reporting

This study compared patients' experiences with and perceptions of injectable, infusion, and oral multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies. Patients reported treatment with the oral medications as more convenient than the injectable and infusion DMTs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

24.

First-line disease-modifying drugs in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an Italian real-life multicenter study on persistence.

Author: FerraroDiana, CameraValentina, BaldiEleonora, VacchianoVeria, CurtiErica, GuareschiAngelica, MalagùSusanna, MontepietraSara, StrumiaSilvia, SantangeloMario, CaniattiLuisa, FoschiMatteo, LugaresiAlessandra, GranellaFranco, PesciIlaria, MottiLuisa, NeriWalter, ImmovilliPaolo, MontanariEnrico, VitettaFrancesca, SimoneAnna Maria, SolaPatrizia

MS treatment
Medication persistence

This study compared the discontinuation rates of injectable and oral disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The study found that oral DMDs had a lower discontinuation rate compared to injectable DMDs. These findings suggest that oral DMDs may improve medication persistence due to greater acceptability of the route of administration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

26.

An update on new and emerging therapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Author: Weinstock-GuttmanBianca

Improved adherence
MS treatment
Oral administration
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Side effects

Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have been used for over a decade to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). While first-line DMTs have shown only partial benefits and often have inadequate patient adherence, newer DMTs offer more efficacious treatment, more favorable methods of administration, and lower infusion frequencies, which may improve adherence and clinical outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

29.

New management algorithms in multiple sclerosis.

Author: SorensenPer Soelberg

Reduced relapse risk
Side effects

Multiple sclerosis treatment options have expanded significantly, now including various oral medications and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. New management algorithms are being developed to guide therapy selection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

30.

Drug adherence and multidisciplinary care in patients with multiple sclerosis: protocol of a prospective, web-based, patient-centred, nation-wide, Dutch cohort study in glatiramer acetate treated patients (CAIR study).

Author: JongenPeter J, HengstmanGerald, HuppertsRaymond, SchrijverHans, GilhuisJob, VliegenJoseph H, HoogervorstErwin, van HuizenMarc, van MunsterEric, SamijnJohnny, de SchryverEls, SiepmanTheodora, TonkMartijn, ZandbergenEveline, ten HolterJacques, van der KruijkRuud, BormGeorge

Disability progression
Improved adherence
Reduce relapses
Discontinuation
Missed doses

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Most patients with MS experience relapsing-remitting MS. Disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) help to reduce relapses and disability progression. Glatiramer acetate (GA), interferon-beta (INFb)-1a, and INFb-1b are first-line DMDs, but these drugs are given by injections. Because these injections are given frequently, patients miss 30% of doses and 27% discontinue treatment within the first 6 months. More information is needed about the factors that influence a patient's ability to adhere to treatment, so that new treatments for MS can be more effective.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

PEGylated interferon beta-1a: meeting an unmet medical need in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Author: BakerDarren P, PepinskyRobert Blake, BrickelmaierMargot, GronkeRobert S, HuXiao, OlivierKenneth, LernerMichaela, MillerLarisa, CrossmanMary, NestorovIvan, SubramanyamMeena, HitchmanStacy, GlickGabrielle, RichmanSandra, LiuShifang, ZhuYing, PanzaraMichael A, DavarGudarz

Reduced dosing frequency
Reduced side effects
Safe and efficacious treatment

A PEGylated form of interferon beta-1a is being tested for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. It is administered subcutaneously every 2 or 4 weeks and may offer a safer and more effective treatment option.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

32.

Emerging therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Author: MarriottJames J, O'ConnorPaul W

Convenience
RRMS treatment
Fatal complications
Side effects

This study reviewed the current and future of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The researchers highlighted the need to weigh the convenience of oral DMTs against the relative inconvenience but long-term safety of current first-line injectable therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

33.

Glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis.

Author: La MantiaLoredana, MunariLuca M, LovatiRoberta

Improved MS outcome

This is an updated Cochrane review that found glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) to be effective in treating multiple sclerosis (MS).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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