Side Effects of glycopyrrolate: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Glycopyrronium bromide is an effective treatment for COPD, both as monotherapy and in combination with indacaterol. 20 . Glycopyrronium provides rapid and sustained bronchodilation similar to tiotropium, with a high tolerance and low incidence of muscarinic side effects in patients with moderate to severe COPD. 20 .

Glycopyrronium is a potential second-line treatment for hyperhidrosis in children and adolescents. 23 . A study of 12 children found 92% experienced improvement with glycopyrronium and 75% would recommend it to their friends. No significant side effects were noted in this study. 23 .

Glycopyrronium has also been shown to be a safe and effective antisialogogue for use in minor oral surgical procedures. 9 . It is as potent as atropine in reducing salivary secretions, but unlike atropine, it does not significantly increase heart rate. 9 .

Reasons for Side Effects

Glycopyrronium is an anticholinergic medication that works by blocking muscarinic receptors. These receptors are found in various organs, including salivary glands, bronchi, and the bladder. 13 . By blocking these receptors, glycopyrronium can reduce salivary secretions, dilate the bronchi, and cause other effects, some of which may be considered side effects. 13 .

Common Side Effects

Dry Mouth

Dry mouth is a common side effect of glycopyrronium, as it reduces salivary secretion. 9 . Dry mouth can make eating and drinking difficult, cause thirst, and contribute to bad breath. 9 .

Constipation

Glycopyrronium can cause constipation by inhibiting intestinal motility. 13 .

Urinary Retention

Glycopyrronium can cause difficulty urinating by relaxing the muscles of the bladder. 2 .

Blurred Vision

Glycopyrronium can cause blurred vision by dilating the pupils. 2 .

Side Effect Management

Dry Mouth

Dry mouth can be managed by drinking plenty of fluids. 9 . Sugar-free gum or candy containing xylitol can also help. 9 .

Constipation

Constipation can be managed by increasing dietary fiber and fluids. 13 . Laxatives may also be helpful if needed. 13 .

Urinary Retention

If you experience difficulty urinating, consult your doctor. 2 . Appropriate treatment can help resolve this issue. 2 .

Blurred Vision

Blurred vision may improve if you stop taking glycopyrronium. 2 . You can also use glasses or contact lenses to help with blurry vision. 2 .

Research Comparison

Commonalities in Research

These studies collectively suggest that glycopyrronium is an effective treatment for various conditions. The studies also generally suggest that glycopyrronium is safe and well tolerated, although some patients may experience side effects.

Differences in Research

These studies differ in terms of the conditions being treated, research design, and evaluation methods. This makes it difficult to directly compare results. For example, studies evaluating glycopyrronium for COPD and hyperhidrosis will have different patient populations and outcome measures. Research designs can also vary, such as double-blind trials, single-blind trials, and observational studies.

Things to Keep in Mind When Applying the Research to Daily Life

It is important to take glycopyrronium as directed by your doctor. Do not change the dosage or frequency of your medication or stop taking it without consulting your doctor. Be aware of potential side effects when taking glycopyrronium. If you experience side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, or difficulty urinating, consult your doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

Long-term safety research on glycopyrronium is still limited. Further research is needed to better understand glycopyrronium's effectiveness and safety for different conditions.

Future Research Directions

Long-term safety studies on glycopyrronium should be conducted. More research is needed to thoroughly assess the effectiveness and safety of glycopyrronium for various conditions.

Conclusion

Glycopyrronium has been shown to be effective for a variety of conditions, however, side effects are a potential concern. It is essential to follow your doctor's instructions when taking glycopyrronium and contact your doctor promptly if you experience any side effects. Further research is necessary to better understand glycopyrronium's long-term effects and its efficacy across different conditions.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
26
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
5
1
0
6
26
1.

Gastrointestinal side effects of intravenous erythromycin: incidence and reduction with prolonged infusion time and glycopyrrolate pretreatment.

Author: BowlerW A, HostettlerC, SamuelsonD, LavinB S, OldfieldE C

Reduced toxicity
Toxicity

Intravenous erythromycin often causes gastrointestinal toxicity, particularly in younger patients. A 60-minute infusion with glycopyrrolate pretreatment reduced clinically important gastrointestinal toxicity by 79% compared to a 30-minute infusion with placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

2.

Urinary retention and mydriasis secondary to topical glycopyrronium for axillary hyperhidrosis.

Author: GreenHolly Hoshall, RayLance, BuchananJennie, MatslerNikolaus

Dermatologic treatment
Adverse effect profile

Glycopyrronium tosylate (GT), an antimuscarinic drug used topically in dermatology, has a notable adverse effect profile and patients should be counseled on potential risks before starting treatment.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Intradermal Botulinum Toxin A Injection Versus Topical 2% Glycopyrrolate for the Treatment of Primary Facial Hyperhidrosis: A Pilot Study and Review of Literature.

Author: NofalEman, SalemSomaia, KhashabaShrook A

HH treatment
Quality of life
Side effects
Temporary relief

Both topical 2% glycopyrrolate and intradermal Botulinum toxin A injection effectively treat facial hyperhidrosis, with similar efficacy but different onset and duration of action.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
CommentA short article/note that provides an opinion/perspective/interpretation on a published paper/topic.

Language : English

5.

Glycopyrrolate for drooling in children with medical complexity under three years of age.

Author: LovardiEleonora, De IorisMaria Antonietta, LettoriDonatella, GeremiaCaterina, StaccioliSusanna, BellaGessica Della, ScroccaRaffaella, ScarselliAlessia, AversaMarcella, De PeppoFrancesco, CampanaAndrea, CastelliEnrico

Drooling treatment

This study aims to determine the safety and effectiveness of glycopirrolate in decreasing drooling in children under 3 years of age with medical complexity.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Compounded glycopyrrolate is a compelling choice for drooling children: five years of facility experience.

Author: ZanonDavide, TumminelliCristina, GalimbertiAnna Maria Chiara, TorelliLucio, MaestroAlessandra, BarbiEgidio, MaximovaNatalia

QoL improvement
Sialorrhea improvement

A custom-formulated galenic glycopyrrolate syrup was effective in treating sialorrhea, improving quality of life for patients and their caregivers, and reducing treatment costs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

8.

US-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) of submandibular gland: A new minimal invasive and effective treatment for refractory sialorrhea and treatment response evaluation with contrast-enhanced imaging techniques.

Author: ZhangHui-Li, ZhuJing-E, LiJia-Xin, LiXiao-Long, SunLi-Ping, XuHui-Xiong, YuSong-Yuan

Sialorrhea treatment

This case report describes a patient with refractory sialorrhea successfully treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) of the submandibular gland. The procedure resulted in significant symptom relief and improved quality of life for the patient.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Sugammadex versus neostigmine for routine reversal of rocuronium block in adult patients: A cost analysis.

Author: HurfordWilliam E, WelgeJeffrey A, EckmanMark H

Neuromuscular blockade reversal

This report analyzes the comparative costs, efficacy, and side effects of sugammadex with neostigmine combined with glycopyrrolate, or no reversal agent when used to reverse rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in adult patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

12.

Anticholinergic medications for reducing drooling in children with developmental disability.

Author: ReidSusan M, WestburyChristine, GuzysAngela T, ReddihoughDinah S

Reduce drooling
Side effects

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of three anticholinergic medications in reducing drooling in children with developmental disabilities, the frequency and nature of side effects, and their impact on treatment discontinuation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Pharmacology, toxicology and clinical safety of glycopyrrolate.

Author: ChabicovskyMonika, WinklerSwantje, SoeberdtMichael, KilicAna, MasurClarissa, AbelsChristoph

Limits CNS side effects
Suitable for chronic use
Treats hyperhidrosis

This abstract discusses the safety and efficacy of glycopyrronium bromide, an anticholinergic drug used to treat various conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, excessive salivation, peptic ulcers, and hyperhidrosis. It concludes that the benefits of glycopyrronium bromide generally outweigh the risks in chronic use indications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Beclomethasone dipropionate, formoterol fumarate and glycopyrronium bromide as a combination therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Author: KupczykMaciej, KunaPiotr

Reduced COPD exacerbations

This review presents the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, clinical efficacy, and safety of a triple fixed-dose combination of beclomethasone, formoterol, and glycopyrronium for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Sugammadex: Efficacy and Practicality in the Dental Office.

Author: GoetzStephen, PrittsBenjamin, CorneliusBryant

Paralysis reversal
Rapid reversal

This case report describes the use of sugammadex, a novel drug, for rapid reversal of paralysis induced by rocuronium during general anesthesia for dentistry. Sugammadex is considered a safe alternative to traditional reversal methods, allowing for the use of rocuronium in situations where succinylcholine is contraindicated.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Drooling Reduction Intervention randomised trial (DRI): comparing the efficacy and acceptability of hyoscine patches and glycopyrronium liquid on drooling in children with neurodisability.

Author: ParrJeremy R, TodhunterEmma, PenningtonLindsay, StockenDeborah, CadwganJill, O'HareAnne E, TuffreyCatherine, WilliamsJane, ColeMike, ColverAllan F

Drooling Treatment
Side Effects

Hyoscine patches and glycopyrronium liquid are effective treatments for drooling in children with neurodisability. While both treatments reduced drooling, hyoscine led to more side effects and a higher chance of treatment cessation. 55% of children on hyoscine continued treatment at week 12 compared to 82% on glycopyrronium.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Pragmatic Clinical TrialA trial conducted in a real-world clinical setting. It evaluates the effectiveness of interventions in everyday healthcare environments.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Glycopyrrolate in comparison to hyoscine hydrobromide and placebo in the treatment of hypersalivation induced by clozapine (GOTHIC1): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study.

Author: QurashiInti, ChuSimon, HusainNusrat, DrakeRichard J, ChaudhryImran, DeakinJ F W

Effective for resistant schizophrenia
Cognitive deficits
Hypersalivation

Clozapine-induced hypersalivation (CIH) is a common side effect of clozapine treatment for resistant schizophrenia. This review discusses current treatment options for CIH, including hyoscine hydrobromide and glycopyrrolate, and highlights the need for further research to identify effective treatments.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Use of Systemic Therapies to Manage Focal Hyperhidrosis.

Author: GlaserDee Anna, GlaserKatherine

Hyperhidrosis treatment
Side effects

Systemic therapy is an important option for treating primary hyperhidrosis, which may affect multiple areas of the body. Systemic therapy can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments. Patient selection, counseling, and monitoring for side effects are crucial.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Comparing the cardiovascular therapeutic indices of glycopyrronium and tiotropium in an integrated rat pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety model.

Author: TrifilieffAlexandre, EthellBrian T, SykesDavid A, WatsonKenny J, CollingwoodSteve, CharltonSteven J, KentToby C

COPD bronchodilation
Bradycardia
Hypotension

Glycopyrronium bromide showed a better safety profile than tiotropium in a rat model, with lower risks of hypotension and bradycardia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

A comparison of the combination of atropine and glycopyrrolate with atropine alone for the reversal of muscle relaxant.

Author: IttichaikultholWichai, PisitsakChawika, WirachpisitNichawan, PiathongPaweena, SuyawetRungphetch, KomonhirunRojnarin

This study aims to investigate the effect of combining atropine and glycopyrrolate on heart rate to counteract the effect of neostigmine, a muscle relaxant reversal agent. While atropine has a rapid onset and can cause initial tachycardia, glycopyrrolate causes less increase in heart rate. The study will assess the impact of these combinations on heart rate in patients undergoing surgery.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

The drooling reduction intervention trial (DRI): a single blind trial comparing the efficacy of glycopyrronium and hyoscine on drooling in children with neurodisability.

Author: ParrJeremy R, WeldonEmma, PenningtonLindsay, SteenNick, WilliamsJane, FairhurstCharlie, O'HareAnne, LodhRaj, ColverAllan

Reduce drooling

Drooling is a common problem in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This condition can lead to skin breakdown, dehydration, and social embarrassment. This study reviews the efficacy and safety of glycopyrronium and hyoscine, the two most commonly used medications to reduce drooling, to help inform clinical decisions about which medication to use and at what dose.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

The management of drooling in adults with neurological conditions.

Author: SquiresNina, WillsAdrian, RowsonJohn

Drooling Treatment

This review discusses the physical and psychosocial impact of drooling in adults with neurological conditions. It explores current management options, including behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical approaches.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Oral glycopyrrolate as second-line treatment for primary pediatric hyperhidrosis.

Author: PallerAmy S, ShahPuja R, SilverioAmanda M, WagnerAnnette, ChamlinSarah L, ManciniAnthony J

Improved hyperhidrosis
Blurred vision
Dry eyes
Dry mouth
Palpitations

Oral glycopyrrolate was effective in treating primary focal hyperhidrosis in 90% of children and adolescents, with major improvement in 71%. The most common side effects were dry mouth and dry eyes, and were dose-related.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

26.

Efficacy of iontophoresis with glycopyrronium bromide for treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis.

Author: ChiaH Y, TanA S L, ChongW S, TeyH L

Hyperhidrosis treatment

Iontophoresis with glycopyrronium bromide is a promising treatment for primary palmar hyperhidrosis, particularly for severe cases where topical aluminum chloride is ineffective.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

The use of subcutaneous glycopyrrolate in the management of sialorrhoea and facilitating the use of non-invasive ventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Author: Cooper-KnockJohnathan, AhmedzaiSam H, ShawPamela

Increased NIV tolerance
Sialorrhoea treatment
Aspiration risk

This case report describes the use of subcutaneous glycopyrrolate to treat treatment-resistant sialorrhoea in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The patient was able to markedly increase the length of time she could tolerate non-invasive ventilation (NIV) each night.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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