Side Effects of hydrochlorothiazide: A Synthesis of Findings from 13 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Hydrochlorothiazide is a commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension. While generally considered safe and effective, research indicates that hydrochlorothiazide can cause various side effects, including metabolic disturbances, electrolyte imbalances, and other adverse reactions. These side effects are often associated with the diuretic's mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, potentially leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Reasons for Side Effects

Hydrochlorothiazide's side effects are mainly linked to its diuretic action. By increasing urine output and reducing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, it can disrupt the body's delicate balance of electrolytes and fluids, leading to various adverse effects.

Common Side Effects

Hypokalemia

Hydrochlorothiazide can lower potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia). 10 、 7 、 1 This can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, irregular heartbeat, and even increased risk of heart attack.

Hyperuricemia

Hydrochlorothiazide can also increase uric acid levels in the blood (hyperuricemia). 1 This can contribute to gout, a condition marked by painful inflammation of the joints.

Hyperglycemia

Hydrochlorothiazide can potentially raise blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). 1 This can worsen existing diabetes or even contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes.

Dyslipidemia

Hydrochlorothiazide can affect blood lipid levels (dyslipidemia). 1 This can increase the risk of heart disease.

Other Side Effects

Other potential side effects of hydrochlorothiazide include dizziness, headache, digestive issues, sexual dysfunction, skin rashes, and in rare cases, allergic reactions. 4 、 2 、 3 、 9 、 13 、 12 、 11 、、 6 、

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Hypokalemia

To manage hypokalemia, consuming potassium-rich foods or taking potassium supplements might be recommended. 10 、 7

Hyperuricemia

Limiting purine-rich foods and potentially taking medications to lower uric acid levels can help manage hyperuricemia.

Hyperglycemia

Managing hyperglycemia involves diet and exercise modifications, and potentially taking blood sugar-lowering medications.

Dyslipidemia

Managing dyslipidemia involves diet and exercise, and potentially taking medications to improve lipid profiles.

Other Side Effects

If you experience any concerning side effects, it is crucial to consult your doctor.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Multiple studies have consistently shown that hydrochlorothiazide can lead to hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The severity and likelihood of these side effects can vary based on individual factors such as age, gender, pre-existing conditions, and other medications being taken.

Differences in Studies

The incidence and severity of side effects reported in various studies can differ, likely due to differences in study designs, participant characteristics, and the specific research focuses. For instance, 13 compares the safety of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in older adults, whereas 5 focuses on analyzing adverse drug reaction reports in Ukraine.

Precautions Regarding Application to Real Life

While effective in treating hypertension, it is essential to be aware of the potential side effects of hydrochlorothiazide. Individuals, particularly older adults and those with pre-existing conditions like kidney disease, diabetes, or gout, should consult their doctor for appropriate management. Regular blood tests to monitor for side effects are also crucial.

Limitations of Current Research

The existing research on hydrochlorothiazide's side effects is not comprehensive. More research is needed, particularly concerning long-term effects and side effects in specific populations.

Future Research Directions

To gain a deeper understanding of hydrochlorothiazide's side effects, the following research is warranted:

  • Research on the long-term effects of hydrochlorothiazide
  • Research on side effects in specific populations (older adults, kidney disease patients, diabetes patients, etc.)
  • Research on methods to mitigate the side effects of hydrochlorothiazide

Conclusion

Hydrochlorothiazide is an effective medication for hypertension, but it can cause various side effects, including electrolyte imbalances and metabolic disturbances. The risk and severity of these side effects can vary based on individual factors. It is crucial to consult your doctor about the potential benefits and risks of hydrochlorothiazide, and to have regular blood tests to monitor your health. Open communication with your doctor and proactive monitoring are essential for safe and effective management of your hypertension.

Literature analysis of 13 papers
Positive Content
8
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
5
Article Type
1
0
0
2
11
1.

Demographic, environmental, and genetic predictors of metabolic side effects of hydrochlorothiazide treatment in hypertensive subjects.

Author: Maitland-van der ZeeAnke-Hilse, TurnerStephen T, SchwartzGary L, ChapmanArlene B, KlungelOlaf H, BoerwinkleEric

Hypertension treatment
Dyslipidemia
Hyperglycemia
Type 2 diabetes

This study investigates the variability in glucose and lipid responses to hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic commonly used for hypertension. The study aims to identify demographic, environmental, and genetic factors associated with this variability.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

The results of the comparative study of nadolol, propranolol, prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with arterial hypertension in a 12-month stepped-plan treatment (cooperative research). The Working Group of the Cooperative Program to Study New Preparations in the Prevention of Arterial Hypertension. II. The results of combined therapy. Side effects. The reasons for dropouts. Conclusion.

Author: MetelitsaV I, FilatovaN P

Effective hypertension treatment
Long-acting
Safe beta-blocker
Cerebral circulatory disorders
Myocardial infarction
Side effects

Nadolol (N), a beta-blocker, was found to be effective and safe for long-term treatment of arterial hypertension. In a study involving 419 men, N was as effective as propranolol (PP), prazosin (PS), and a diuretic (D). N had a longer duration of action than PP and was associated with fewer side effects compared to other drugs.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Russian

8.

Comparison of hospitalization costs for the same adverse reaction associated with different medications.

Author: AlabbasSama A, JiangRong, AuAnthony, VuMichelle, MooreVon R, CunninghamFrancesca E, StroupeKevin, BounthavongMark, GlassmanPeter A, GoodChester B, SaloneCedric, AspinallSherrie L

Cost comparison
Adverse drug reactions

This study investigated the costs of hospitalization due to severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), comparing specific ADR-related costs between medications with similar indications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid-Induced Symmetric Drug-Related Intertrigious and Flexural Exanthema.

Author: AlpagatGulistan, BacciogluAyse, DumanogluBetul, Alan YalimSumeyra, KalpakliogluAyse Fusun

Amoxicillin allergy
Contact dermatitis
Skin pigmentation

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is a common antibiotic that can cause allergic reactions. This case report describes a rare instance of symmetric drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema (SDRIFE) caused by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, highlighting the need for careful consideration of this condition in the differential diagnosis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

12.

Management of American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology-Defined Stage 2 Hypertension by Cardiologists in India.

Author: RamC Venkata S, DalalJamshed, KahaliDhiman, MohananPadhinhare P, DasMrinal Kanti, GuhaSantanu, NairTiny, NarasimhanCalambur, RoyDevanu Ghosh, AbdullakuttyJabir, RaySoumitra, FulwaniMahesh, MohanJagdish Chander, GuptaRajeev, AbhyankarMahesh, RevankarSantosh

Hypertension management
Ankle edema

Uncontrolled hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and effective management is crucial. This study assessed the approaches to managing patients with Stage 2 hypertension by cardiologists in India. The study found that triple or even higher combinations of antihypertensive medications were commonly used. The most prevalent comorbidity in the study population was diabetes mellitus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes and Safety Associated With Chlorthalidone vs Hydrochlorothiazide in Older Adults With Varying Levels of Kidney Function.

Author: EdwardsCedric, HundemerGregory L, PetrcichWilliam, CanneyMark, KnollGreg, BurnsKevin, BugejaAnn, SoodManish M

Cardiovascular events
EGR decline
Hypokalemia

This study compared the safety and clinical outcomes of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in older adults with varying kidney function. Chlorthalidone was associated with a higher risk of eGFR decline, cardiovascular events, and hypokalemia compared to hydrochlorothiazide. However, the risk of hypokalemia was lower in participants with reduced kidney function. These findings suggest that there is no evidence to prefer chlorthalidone over hydrochlorothiazide.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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