Side Effects of lamivudine: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Lamivudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) commonly used in antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection. These studies explore the efficacy and safety of lamivudine-containing ART regimens. 20 reports that a regimen including lamivudine, raltegravir, darunavir and ritonavir reduced lipodystrophy in an HIV-1 infected patient after six years of ART, with limited side effects. 13 evaluates adherence, side effects, and efficacy of a HAART regimen containing lamivudine, stavudine, and nelfinavir in HIV-infected patients. 4 assesses the effectiveness and safety of a generic version of lamivudine and tenofovir in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. 7 demonstrates the efficacy of lamivudine in blocking mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in pregnant women. 3 evaluates the safety of a triple-combination antiretroviral regimen including lamivudine, zidovudine, and nevirapine for neonatal postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in infants. 26 reports a case of digestive complications in a child receiving prophylactic lamivudine treatment after a needlestick injury.

Reasons for side effects

Side effects associated with lamivudine-containing ART are often attributed to metabolic processes within the body. Lamivudine is metabolized into active substances that inhibit viral replication, but these substances can also impact other cells in the body. Additionally, lamivudine may hinder mitochondrial function, potentially causing side effects such as lactic acidosis. 11

Common side effects

Gastrointestinal

Lamivudine-containing ART can cause gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. 26 6

Nervous system

Lamivudine-containing ART can lead to nervous system side effects such as headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness. 5

Blood

Lamivudine-containing ART can affect the blood system, potentially causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. 2

Liver

Lamivudine-containing ART can cause liver side effects, such as liver dysfunction. 10

Kidneys

Lamivudine-containing ART can affect kidney function, potentially causing kidney dysfunction. 18

Skin

Lamivudine-containing ART can cause skin side effects, including rashes, itching, and skin pigmentation. 25

Allergies

Allergic reactions are possible with lamivudine-containing ART. 11

Side effects management

Gastrointestinal

Managing gastrointestinal side effects involves dietary adjustments and potentially medication. Dietary changes might include consuming easily digestible foods. Medications like antiemetics and antidiarrheals can also be used.

Nervous system

For nervous system side effects, sufficient rest is important, and treatment should follow the doctor's instructions.

Blood

For blood-related side effects, treatment should be guided by the doctor's advice, which may include blood transfusions in certain cases.

Liver

Liver side effects require treatment as directed by the doctor. Medications aimed at improving liver function might be prescribed.

Kidneys

If kidney side effects occur, follow the doctor's instructions for treatment, which may include medications to improve kidney function.

Skin

Skin side effects can be treated with topical medications like steroid creams.

Allergies

If an allergic reaction occurs, seek immediate medical attention for proper treatment. Antihistamines may be prescribed as needed.

Comparison between studies

Research similarities

These studies share the common goal of evaluating the efficacy and safety of lamivudine-containing ART. They consistently highlight the significance of lamivudine-containing ART in HIV treatment.

Research differences

These studies vary in their target patient groups and assessment parameters. For instance, 20 focuses on HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy, 13 examines treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients, 4 focuses on treatment-naive HIV-infected patients, 7 addresses mother-to-child transmission of HBV, and 3 evaluates neonatal PEP in infants.

Cautions for real-life application

Lamivudine-containing ART is a highly effective treatment for HIV infection, but it's essential to understand potential side effects. Before starting lamivudine-containing ART, discuss side effects with your doctor and follow their instructions carefully. Regular monitoring of your health status, including blood tests, is important.

Limitations of current research

These studies have limitations such as small sample sizes and may not be applicable to all patients. Additionally, long-term side effects require further investigation.

Future research directions

Large-scale long-term clinical trials are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of lamivudine-containing ART. Developing new treatments and medications that minimize side effects is also crucial.

Conclusion

Lamivudine-containing ART is a valuable treatment option for HIV infection, but it's essential to be aware of potential side effects. Adhering to your doctor's instructions for taking lamivudine-containing ART and regularly monitoring your health are key to minimizing side effects and maximizing treatment efficacy.

Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
0
0
3
25
2.

IFN-α induced systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report and literature review.

Author: ZengZhipeng, TuWei, JiBai, LiuJie, HuangKecheng, NieDaan, YangLiu

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a severe and life-threatening inflammatory condition. This case study reports an unusual complication of HLH occurring during the treatment of drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) in a 31-year-old male patient. The patient was successfully treated with a combination therapy.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Safety of 6-week Neonatal Triple-combination Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis in High-risk HIV-exposed Infants.

Author: AnugulruengkittSuvaporn, SuntarattiwongPiyarat, OunchanumPradthana, SrirompotongUssanee, JantarabenjakulWatsamon, SophonphanJiratchaya, PunnahitanonSunti, PancharoenChitsanu, CresseyTim R, ChokephaibulkitKulkanya, PuthanakitThanyawee,

Prevent HIV transmission
Adverse events

Zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine is safe for neonatal postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV-exposed infants.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

[Effectiveness and safety of generic version of lamivudine/tenofovir and efavirenz in treatment naïve HIV-infected patients: a nonrandomized, open-label, phase IV study in Cali-Colombia, 2012-2014].

Author: AmarilesPedro, GalindoJaime, Mueses-MarínHéctor F, CastañedaCarol

HIV/AIDS treatment
Antiretroviral side effects

The generic scheme 3TC/TDF/EFV is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS naïve. 80% of patients achieved undetectable viral load (< 40 copies/mL).

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

6.

Raltegravir versus lopinavir/ritonavir for treatment of HIV-infected late-presenting pregnant women.

Author: BritesCarlos, NóbregaIsabella, LuzEstela, TravassosAna Gabriela, LorenzoCynthia, NettoEduardo M

HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission prevention
Gastrointestinal adverse events

This pilot randomized trial compared the safety and efficacy of raltegravir versus lopinavir/ritonavir for treating late-presenting pregnant women with HIV-1 infection. Late-presenting women present a challenge for preventing mother-to-child transmission due to late diagnosis and potential for higher viral load. Raltegravir demonstrated significantly higher virological suppression rates at delivery (76.5%) compared to lopinavir/ritonavir (25.0%). Raltegravir was also associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. The findings suggest that raltegravir could be a first-line treatment option for late-presenting pregnant women with HIV-1 infection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Efficacy of Nucleotide/Nucleoside Analogues and Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Therapy in Blocking Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B in an Eastern Chinese Group.

Author: SunXiaojun, WangChengwei, WangBian, YangXiuzhen, XuHongtao, ShenMeilong, ZhuKuichun

Blocks HBV transmission

This study investigated the efficacy of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in blocking mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Results suggest that routine HBV vaccine plus HBIG is insufficient, and that administering these agents during pregnancy is crucial.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

[Diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and D. National consensus guideline in Hungary from 15 October 2016].

Author: HorváthGábor, GerleiZsuzsanna, GervainJudit, LengyelGabriella, MakaraMihály, PárAlajos, RókuszLászló, SzalayFerenc, TornaiIstván, WerlingKlára, HunyadyBéla

Decrease cost
Improved quality of life
Prevent cancer
Prolong life expectancy
Reduce transmission
Side effects

This guideline provides treatment algorithms for chronic hepatitis B and D infections, emphasizing the importance of quick and detailed virologic evaluations, appropriate follow-up, and careful selection of therapy based on viral response and contraindications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Hungarian

11.

Intentional overdose of dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (Triumeq) in a 26-year-old man.

Author: van DamPaul Mel, van GeffenMark Wl, HavenithThomas Ra, PosthouwerDirk

HIV treatment
Lactic acidosis
Mitochondrial toxicity

This case report describes a 26-year-old man who intentionally overdosed on Triumeq, a single-tablet HIV regimen. The authors highlight the potential side effects of Triumeq overdose, including mitochondrial toxicity and lactic acidosis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Side effects and tolerability of post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir: a comparative study with HIV/AIDS patients.

Author: CaiJuan, XiaoJiang, ZhangQiang

HIV prevention

This study looked at the safety and tolerability of a combination of three antiretroviral drugs (zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir) in healthcare workers who were exposed to HIV. The study found that the combination was well tolerated and safe.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Real-world implementation of dolutegravir plus lamivudine in people living with HIV in Southwest China.

Author: YangXiaoyan, FuYanhua, XieXiaoxin, GanLin, SongChunli, SongYebing, LiJun, LongHai

Treats HIV

A real-world study in Southwestern China found that the combination of dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG+3TC) was effective and safe for long-term treatment of HIV infection.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Review article: long-term safety of oral anti-viral treatment for chronic hepatitis B.

Author: WongG L-H, SetoW-K, WongV W-S, YuenM-F, ChanH L-Y

Nucleoside analogues for CHB
TAF renal and bone safety
Adefovir bone toxicity
Adefovir nephrotoxicity
Telbivudine muscular toxicity

Long-term safety profiles of nucleoside analogues are better defined, with the new nucleotide analogue TAF demonstrating favorable renal and bone safety compared to TDF.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Shorter Time to Discontinuation Due to Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV Switched to Dolutegravir Plus Either Rilpivirine or Lamivudine Compared with Integrase Inhibitor-Based Triple Therapy in a Large Spanish Cohort.

Author: TeiraRamón, Diaz-CuervoHelena, AragãoFilipa, CastañoManuel, RomeroAlberto, RocaBernardino, MonteroMarta, GalindoMaria José, Muñoz-SánchezMaria Jose, EspinosaNuria, PeraireJoaquim, MartínezElisa

INSTI efficacy
Reduced toxicities
None reported

Integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based two-drug regimens (2DR) are being considered for selected patients with HIV. This study compared real-world outcomes of INSTI-based three-drug regimens (3DR) versus 2DR in patients receiving dolutegravir plus either rilpivirine or lamivudine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Efficacy and Safety of Two-Drug Regimens with Dolutegravir plus Rilpivirine or Lamivudine in HIV-1 Virologically Suppressed People Living with HIV.

Author: Dueñas-GutiérrezCarlos, BuzónLuis, Pedrero-ToméRoberto, IribarrenJosé A, De Los SantosIgnacio, De la FuenteSara, PousadaGuillermo, MoranMiguel Angel, MorenoEstela, FerreiraEva, GómezJulia, TroyaJesús

HIV treatment
Virological suppression

This abstract discusses the high effectiveness and safety of a two-drug (2DRs) strategy using dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) for treating treatment-naive HIV patients. The abstract highlights the potential for de-escalating from three-drug regimens (3DRs) to DTG plus either rilpivirine (RPV) or 3TC in virologically suppressed patients, achieving high rates of virological suppression.

Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Efficacy and safety of switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from boosted protease inhibitor-based regimens in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.

Author: DaarEric S, DeJesusEdwin, RuanePeter, CrofootGordon, OguchiGodson, CreticosCatherine, RockstrohJürgen K, MolinaJean-Michel, KoenigEllen, LiuYa-Pei, CustodioJoseph, AndreattaKristen, GrahamHiba, ChengAndrew, MartinHal, QuirkErin

Avoid drug interactions
Avoid unwanted side effects
High barrier to resistance
Simplified once-daily
single-tablet regimen

Switching virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1 infection from a boosted protease inhibitor therapy to bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide is a safe and effective option that simplifies the regimen and avoids drug interactions.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Adefovir for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B.

Author: RoedigerRebecca, SmythElizabeth Kula, DieterichDouglas

Resolve hepatic inflammation
Suppress viral replication
Resistance

This review highlights the significant contribution of John Martin in developing adefovir, a nucleotide analog that revolutionized chronic Hepatitis B treatment. Adefovir effectively suppressed viral replication and resolved hepatic inflammation with low resistance rates, offering a significant improvement over previous treatment options like interferon and lamivudine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Clinical and histopathological aspects of lichenoid dermatitis in patients of retroviral diseases.

Author: TambeSwagata A, ZambareUddhao S, NayakChitra S, PatilPriyanka D, ChhonkarAditi

LP treatment
LP

Lichen planus (LP) is rarely reported in HIV patients, but our case series of 20 patients highlights the possible etiology and challenges in managing LP-like lesions in this population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

26.

Antiretroviral Prophylaxis: A Digestive Complication to Know.

Author: LemoineAnaïs, MichotJoëlle, VialaJérôme, TounianPatrick, DollfusCatherine

HIV prevention
intestinal ulcer

An 8-year-old child experienced abdominal pain and melena due to duodenal and ileal ulcerations throughout antiretroviral prophylactic treatment after a needlestick injury. This case suggests potential for severe adverse effects, such as intestinal ulcers, from antiretroviral prophylaxis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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