Side Effects of loxapine: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Loxapine is a first-generation antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia. Several studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of loxapine. These studies have shown that loxapine can improve the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, loxapine, like other antipsychotics, can cause some side effects. 26 , 7 , 6 , 12 , 16 , 4

Reasons for Side Effects

Loxapine is thought to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the action of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. However, these neurotransmitters are involved in various brain functions such as movement, emotions, and thought, so it is thought that loxapine can cause side effects by blocking these functions. 5 , 9

Common Side Effects

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

Loxapine can cause extrapyramidal symptoms, a type of movement disorder. Extrapyramidal symptoms include tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and dystonia. These symptoms are thought to be caused by the effects of loxapine on dopamine receptors. 7 , 6 , 16 , 4 , 12 , 3 , 11 , 17 , 5

Anticholinergic Effects

Loxapine has anticholinergic effects, which block the action of the parasympathetic nervous system, and can cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and difficulty urinating. 24 , 5 , 4

Weight Gain

Loxapine can cause weight gain. This is thought to be caused by loxapine increasing appetite or changing metabolism. 5 , 14

Metabolic Abnormalities

Loxapine can cause metabolic abnormalities such as increased blood sugar and cholesterol levels. 5

Drowsiness

Loxapine can cause drowsiness. 16 , 4 , 3 , 5

Hypotension

Loxapine can cause hypotension. 3 , 17 , 5

Increased Heart Rate

Loxapine can cause increased heart rate. 6 , 5

Malignant Syndrome

Loxapine can cause malignant syndrome, a potentially life-threatening side effect. Malignant syndrome is characterized by symptoms such as fever, muscle rigidity, and altered consciousness, and can be fatal if not treated promptly. 28 , 5

Blood Abnormalities

Loxapine can cause blood abnormalities such as agranulocytosis. 25 , 11 , 5

Liver Damage

Loxapine can cause liver damage. 11 , 5

Other

Loxapine can cause various other side effects in addition to the above. These side effects may vary from person to person, so it is important to consult a doctor if you are taking loxapine., 2 , 1 , , 19 , 22 , 8 , 20 , 27 , 10 , 23 , 13 , 21

Side Effects Management

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

Antiparkinsonian drugs are used to manage extrapyramidal symptoms. Antiparkinsonian drugs have the effect of suppressing extrapyramidal symptoms caused by loxapine's action on dopamine receptors. 17 , 5

Anticholinergic Effects

Management of anticholinergic effects may involve reducing the dosage of loxapine, or switching to another antipsychotic with fewer anticholinergic effects. 5

Weight Gain

Management of weight gain may involve lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. Reducing the dosage of loxapine, or switching to another antipsychotic with less weight gain, may also be considered. 5

Metabolic Abnormalities

Management of metabolic abnormalities may involve lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. Reducing the dosage of loxapine, or switching to another antipsychotic with lower risk of metabolic abnormalities, may also be considered. 5

Drowsiness

Management of drowsiness may involve changing the time of loxapine administration, or reducing the dosage of loxapine. 5

Hypotension

Management of hypotension may involve reducing the dosage of loxapine, or switching to another antipsychotic with fewer hypotensive side effects. 5

Increased Heart Rate

Management of increased heart rate may involve reducing the dosage of loxapine, or switching to another antipsychotic with fewer side effects of increased heart rate. 5

Malignant Syndrome

Management of malignant syndrome involves stopping loxapine administration and seeking immediate medical attention. 5

Blood Abnormalities

Management of blood abnormalities involves regular blood tests. If blood abnormalities are detected, loxapine administration may need to be stopped. 5

Liver Damage

Management of liver damage involves regular liver function tests. If liver damage is detected, loxapine administration may need to be stopped. 5

Comparison of Research

Commonalities in Research

Many studies have shown that loxapine can improve the symptoms of schizophrenia. It is also common that loxapine, like other antipsychotics, can cause some side effects.

Differences in Research

The effects and side effects of loxapine may vary depending on the study. This is thought to be due to differences in study methods and subjects. For example, effects and side effects may vary depending on the dosage and duration of loxapine administration, the age and sex of the subjects, and the severity of the disease.

Cautions for Real-World Applications

Loxapine can be expected to be effective in treating schizophrenia, but it also carries a risk of side effects. When taking loxapine, it is important to consult a doctor, understand the risks and benefits of side effects, and take it carefully.

Current Research Limitations

There is still not enough research on the effects and side effects of loxapine. In particular, much is still unknown about the long-term effects and side effects of loxapine. Future long-term studies are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the safety and efficacy of loxapine.

Future Research Directions

The following research is considered necessary to further investigate the effects and safety of loxapine.

  • Research to investigate the long-term effects and side effects of loxapine
  • Research to investigate how the effects and side effects of loxapine vary depending on the age and sex of the subjects, and the severity of the disease
  • Research to investigate how the effects and side effects of loxapine differ from those of other antipsychotics

Conclusion

Loxapine can be expected to be effective in treating schizophrenia, but it also carries a risk of side effects. When taking loxapine, it is important to consult a doctor, understand the risks and benefits of side effects, and take it carefully. Future research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the safety and efficacy of loxapine.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Analgesic effect
1
Treats schizophrenia
2
Behavioral disturbance treatment
3
Effective treatment
4
SMI treatment
5
Effective treatment
Safe treatment
6
Antipsychotic effect
7
Arousal-inhibiting activity
Neuroleptic-like effects
9
Rapid tranquilization
10
Lower incidence of side effects
11
Schizophrenia treatment
12
ASD treatment
Aggression reduction
13
Antipsychotic taper
BMI reduction
Improved ASD
Irritability improvement
Metabolic disturbance reversal
Triglyceride reduction
Weight loss
14
Atypical antipsychotic
15
Neuroleptic
16
Rapid tranquillization
17
Antiagitation treatment
18
Dementia symptom relief
19
Antidepressant effects
Equal efficacy to imipramine and amitriptyline
Superior to placebo
20
Schizophrenia treatment
21
Treats depression
22
Anticataleptic effect
23
Dementia treatment
24
Agranulocytosis treatment
Alternative treatment
25
Treats schizophrenia
26
Agitation treatment
27
Reduce mania symptoms
28
Risk Keywords
Dopamine receptor effects
Side effects
1
Numbness
2
Blood pressure decrease
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Sedation
3
Anticholinergic effects
Dizziness
Excitement
4
Metabolic abnormalities
Weight gain
5
Extrapyramidal effects
Weight gain
6
Side effects
7
Premature decoding in double blind studies
8
Tolerance development
9
Dystonia
10
Agranulocytosis
Hepatotoxicity
11
Extrapyramidal signs
12
Type II diabetes
Weight gain
13
Prolactin increase
15
Drowsiness
Extrapyramidal symptoms
Increased blood pressure
16
Hypotension
Side effects
17
Cognitive decline
19
Side effects similar to reference drugs
20
Extrapyramidal reactions
Sedation
21
Myocardial effects
22
Anticholinergic potency
Cognitive side effects
Extrapyramidal side effects
24
Agranulocytosis
25
Dysgeusia
27
Side effects
28
Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
23
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
3
Article Type
1
0
1
12
28
1.

Loxapine for Treatment of Patients With Refractory, Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain: A Prematurely Terminated Pilot Study Showing Efficacy But Limited Tolerability.

Author: SchmiedlSven, PetersDavid, SchmalzOliver, MielkeAnke, RossmanithTanja, DiopShirin, PiefkeMartina, ThürmannPetra, SchmidtkoAchim

Analgesic effect
Dopamine receptor effects
Side effects

Loxapine is a medication that has been shown to reduce pain in mice with neuropathic pain. This study tested loxapine in humans with neuropathic pain, but the study was stopped early due to serious side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

2.

Very high dose loxapine in refractory schizophrenic patients.

Author: LehmannC R, EreshefskyL, SakladS R, MingsT E

Treats schizophrenia
Numbness

Very high doses of loxapine were effective in treating chronic, treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients. While numbness was reported as a possible side effect, the drug was generally well tolerated.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

A double-blind comparative trial of loxapine and trifluoperazine in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients.

Author: KilohL G, WilliamsS E, GrantD A, WhettonP S

Effective treatment
Anticholinergic effects
Dizziness
Excitement

Loxapine was as effective as trifluoperazine in treating acute and chronic schizophrenia, potentially being more effective in chronic cases. Side effects were similar, but anticholinergic effects, excitement, dizziness, and faintness occurred more often with loxapine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Safety, tolerability, and risks associated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics: a state-of-the-art clinical review.

Author: SolmiMarco, MurruAndrea, PacchiarottiIsabella, UndurragaJuan, VeroneseNicola, FornaroMichele, StubbsBrendon, MonacoFrancesco, VietaEduard, SeemanMary V, CorrellChristoph U, CarvalhoAndré F

SMI treatment
Metabolic abnormalities
Weight gain

This clinical review compared the safety and tolerability profiles of selected first-generation (FGAs) and second-generation (SGAs) antipsychotics. SGAs were found to have an improved safety profile with a lower incidence of extrapyramidal side effects and less impairment of cognitive function. However, SGAs are associated with weight gain and metabolic abnormalities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

A two year trial of loxapine succinate in chronic psychotic patients.

Author: SimpsonG M, BrancheyM H, LeeJ H, VargaE

Effective treatment
Safe treatment
Extrapyramidal effects
Weight gain

Loxapine succinate was effective and safe in treating chronic schizophrenia for at least two years. Improvements seen in the first six months were sustained over the following year and a half. Most side effects were mild to moderate and occurred mainly in the early months of treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

7.

A double-blind comparison of loxitane--loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine hydrochloride in chronic schizophrenic patients.

Author: MoyanoC Z

Antipsychotic effect
Side effects

Loxapine succinate (LOX) was found to be effective in treating chronic schizophrenia in 56% of patients, compared to 39% of patients treated with trifluoperazine. Both drugs had similar side effects, which were mostly mild.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

[How blind is a double-blind trial really? Validity of controlled investigations].

Author: ModestinJ, HodelJ

Premature decoding in double blind studies

Diazepam and Loxapin could be distinguished by an experienced investigator in a double-blind study. The use of an adequate comparative drug instead of a placebo in a double blind study can reduce the risk of premature decoding.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

9.

General pharmacology of clozapine.

Author: CowardD M

Arousal-inhibiting activity
Neuroleptic-like effects
Tolerance development

Clozapine, an antipsychotic medication, showed neuroleptic-like effects in rodents, but did not cause extrapyramidal side effects. This suggests that clozapine has a unique mechanism of action compared to other antipsychotics.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Rapid tranquilization: a comparison of thiothixene with loxapine.

Author: DubinW R, WeissK J

Rapid tranquilization
Dystonia

Loxapine and thiothixene were both effective for rapid tranquilization of acutely disturbed, psychotic patients. Loxapine had a significantly faster time to tranquilization than thiothixene. Side effects were minimal during the intramuscular phase, while dystonia was the most common side effect during the oral phase.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

A double-blind comparison of loxapine succinate and trifluoperazine in newly admitted schizophrenic patients.

Author: SimpsonG M, CuculicZ

Schizophrenia treatment
Extrapyramidal signs

Loxapine succinate was as effective as trifluoperazine in treating newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Both drugs significantly improved symptoms and signs, as measured by the BPRS and CGI. The two groups had similar discharge and termination rates and similar rates and severity of side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

15.

JL 13, an atypical antipsychotic: a preclinical review.

Author: EllenbroekBart A, LiégeoisJean-François

Atypical antipsychotic
Prolactin increase

JL 13, a potential atypical antipsychotic drug, shows close similarities to clozapine with several advantages. It is a weak D(2) antagonist with strong affinity for D(4) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. It does not bind to 5-HT(2C) receptor. Preclinical studies suggest that JL 13 has a promising profile for treating psychosis.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Safety and efficacy of self-administered inhaled loxapine (ADASUVE) in agitated patients outside the hospital setting: protocol for a phase IV, single-arm, open-label trial.

Author: GilEmilio, Garcia-AlonsoFernando, BoldeanuAnca, Baleeiro TeixeiraThaïs,

Antiagitation treatment

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of inhaled loxapine when self-administered outside the hospital setting. The study was designed to assess the use of inhaled loxapine for the treatment of mild to moderate agitation.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Thioridazine for dementia.

Author: KirchnerV, KellyC A, HarveyR J

Dementia symptom relief
Cognitive decline

Neuroleptic drugs, like thioridazine, are often prescribed for elderly patients with dementia, despite evidence suggesting they may worsen cognitive decline. Thioridazine, known for its sedative effect, may have detrimental anticholinergic effects on cognitive function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

20.

Amoxapine: a review of literature.

Author: BanT A, WilsonW H, McEvoyJ P

Antidepressant effects
Equal efficacy to imipramine and amitriptyline
Superior to placebo
Side effects similar to reference drugs

Amoxapine, a new antidepressant, was found to be as effective as imipramine and amitriptyline in treating depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Amoxapine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in depressed states.

Author: JueS G, DawsonG W, BrogdenR N

Treats depression
Myocardial effects

Amoxapine, an antidepressant, was found to be comparable in efficacy to standard tricyclic antidepressants, such as imipramine and amitriptyline. However, the drug's role in the therapy of depressed states is still under investigation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Treatment of the elderly suffering from psychosis and dementia.

Author: SunderlandT

Dementia treatment
Anticholinergic potency
Cognitive side effects
Extrapyramidal side effects

This study discusses the use of neuroleptics in elderly demented patients. Neuroleptics may be effective for certain symptoms, but careful evaluation of side effects and a consideration of non-neuroleptic medications are essential.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

[RÉALITÉ LT, a pharmacoepidemiological study of semiology and therapeutic strategy of patients with schizophrenia treated by antipsychotic loxapine in routine clinical practice].

Author: CousinF-R, SamuelianJ-C, SaoudM, SchmittL, VacheronM-N, VidailhetP, AugendreJ, WalterM, TonelliI, PascalJ-C

Treats schizophrenia

This paper examines the use of loxapine, an antipsychotic, in patients with schizophrenia in France. Data from two national pharmacoepidemiological studies, RÉALITÉ and RÉALITÉ LT, demonstrate the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of loxapine use in acute and chronic psychotic states, as well as in long-term treatment for schizophrenia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

27.

Aerosolised antipsychotic assuages agitation: inhaled loxapine for agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Author: CitromeL

Agitation treatment
Dysgeusia

Inhaled loxapine was effective and tolerable for the treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Inhaled loxapine was superior to placebo in reducing agitation, with a number needed to treat of 3-4. The most common adverse event was dysgeusia, with a number needed to harm of 10-12.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

28.

Treatment of acute mania--from clinical trials to recommendations for clinical practice.

Author: BourinMichel, LambertOlivier, GuittonBernard

Reduce mania symptoms
Side effects

This article reviews current approaches to treating acute mania and highlights the lack of consensus on the best treatment strategies. It emphasizes the need for future research to better understand the different clinical forms of mania and to develop more effective treatments.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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