Effects of magnesium citrate: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Key research findings

Magnesium citrate has been shown to have various beneficial effects in a number of studies. For example, 23 found that magnesium citrate is an effective bowel cleansing agent. 5 showed that it can increase urinary pH and citrate levels, which may help prevent kidney stones.

14 demonstrated that magnesium citrate can improve the characteristics of hydrochar derived from sewage sludge, leading to enhanced soil nitrogen retention and rice nitrogen utilization efficiency. 10 suggests that magnesium citrate may be a useful ingredient in the development of anti-stress lozenges.

16 found that magnesium citrate has higher tissue absorption rates compared to other magnesium compounds. 20 found that it can protect against vascular calcification in a rat model of chronic kidney failure. 9 suggests that magnesium citrate may improve lung function, physical performance, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

11 showed that magnesium citrate can increase pain thresholds and reduce TLR4 levels in the brain, suggesting a potential pain-relieving effect. 13 found that it can be effective in reducing leg cramps during pregnancy. 24 found it to be a safe and effective bowel preparation agent for physically disabled individuals.

19 suggests that magnesium citrate may have preventive effects against migraine. 17 found that it may improve some behavioral disorders in dogs. 21 found that it is more bioavailable than other magnesium compounds. 4 suggests that magnesium citrate may contribute to recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness.

3 found that potassium magnesium citrate is more effective than potassium chloride in reversing metabolic side effects associated with diuretics. 2 demonstrated that magnesium citrate can effectively reverse low potassium and magnesium levels caused by diuretics. 15 found it to be effective in improving gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. 25 found that magnesium citrate is a safe and effective bowel preparation agent for colonoscopy compared to PEG or NaP.

22 reported a case of fatal hypermagnesemia due to excessive use of magnesium-containing laxatives. 12 showed that magnesium citrate can prevent tissue damage and improve social behavior in rats with traumatic brain injury. 6 indicates that magnesium citrate may be a promising therapeutic agent for pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). 18 found that magnesium citrate can be used to create light-reflecting films when mixed with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Lastly, 7 suggests that magnesium citrate may have lower bioavailability compared to other magnesium supplements.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Magnesium citrate has been shown to have a number of potential benefits, including aiding in bowel cleansing, preventing kidney stones, enhancing soil nitrogen retention and rice nitrogen utilization, providing anti-stress effects, improving tissue magnesium absorption, preventing vascular calcification, ameliorating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reducing pain, alleviating leg cramps during pregnancy, serving as a bowel preparation agent for physically disabled individuals, potentially preventing migraine, improving some behavioral disorders in dogs, improving traumatic brain injury, being a promising therapeutic agent for pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), and contributing to the formation of light-reflecting films.

Risk Summary

Excessive intake of magnesium citrate may lead to hypermagnesemia, a potentially serious condition. Additionally, some studies suggest that it may have lower bioavailability compared to other magnesium supplements.

Research Comparisons

Research Similarities

Many studies have shown that magnesium citrate is a safe and effective ingredient. It also has the potential to provide beneficial effects for a variety of health concerns.

Research Differences

The absorption rate and effectiveness of magnesium citrate may vary depending on the combination with other ingredients, the administration method, and individual health conditions. The safety of magnesium citrate may also vary based on intake levels and individual health conditions.

Consistency and Contradictions in the Results

While many studies have evaluated the effects and safety of magnesium citrate, the results demonstrate both consistency and contradictions. For example, studies on the absorption rate of magnesium citrate have produced both high and low absorption rate findings. This disparity could be attributed to factors such as the type of magnesium compound used, the administration method, and the health status of the subjects. Therefore, further research is necessary to accurately assess the effects and safety of magnesium citrate.

Notes on Real-Life Applications

Magnesium citrate is available in health foods and supplements, but it is important to avoid self-medication. Magnesium citrate should only be taken under the guidance of healthcare professionals such as doctors or pharmacists. This is especially crucial for pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, as well as those with pre-existing conditions like kidney disease. Consulting a physician before taking magnesium citrate is essential.

Limitations of Current Research

While numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects and safety of magnesium citrate, many of these studies were relatively small, making it difficult to generalize their findings. Moreover, research on the long-term effects and safety of magnesium citrate is still limited. Therefore, further investigation into its long-term effects and safety is necessary.

Future Research Directions

To accurately assess the effects and safety of magnesium citrate, the following research areas are crucial:

  • Long-term effects and safety studies
  • Studies on its effects on various diseases and health issues
  • Studies to determine the optimal dosage and administration methods
  • Studies on interactions with other ingredients

Conclusion

Magnesium citrate is a potential ingredient that could offer benefits for a range of health issues. However, additional research is needed for a more accurate assessment of its effects and safety. It is essential to consult with healthcare professionals before taking magnesium citrate, especially if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have existing health conditions.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
9
0
0
2
24
1.

The effect of varying molar ratios of potassium-magnesium citrate on thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss.

Author: RumlL A, WuermserL A, PoindexterJ, PakC Y

Alkalinizing effect
Citraturic action
Correction of hypokalemia
Correction of magnesium loss

Three formulations of potassium-magnesium citrate were compared for their effectiveness in correcting thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss. All three formulations were effective in correcting hypokalemia, but K3MgHCit2 and K4MgCit2 were more effective in increasing serum magnesium and urinary pH and citrate.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Effect of varying doses of potassium-magnesium citrate on thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss.

Author: RumlL A, GonzalezG, TaylorR, WuermserL A, PakC Y

Hypokalemia treatment
Magnesium loss treatment
Stone prevention

Potassium-magnesium citrate (K(4)MgCit(2)) at a dosage of 4 tablets per day is effective in correcting thiazide-induced hypokalemia and in increasing urinary pH and citrate enough to prevent kidney stone recurrence. Higher dosages (7 and 10 tablets) are needed to prevent magnesium loss and adverse symptoms of thiazide therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

Potassium Magnesium Citrate Is Superior to Potassium Chloride in Reversing Metabolic Side Effects of Chlorthalidone.

Author: VongpatanasinWanpen, GiaconaJohn M, PittmanDanielle, MurilloAshley, KhanGhazi, WangJijia, JohnsonTalon, RenJimin, MoeOrson W, PakCharles C Y

Lower blood pressure
Reduced cardiovascular risk
Diabetes risk
Magnesium depletion
Potassium depletion

Thiazide diuretics (TD) are often prescribed to treat hypertension. However, they can also increase the risk of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the effect of potassium magnesium citrate (KMgCit) on fasting plasma glucose and liver fat during TD therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dose pilot study of the safety, tolerability, and preliminary effects of a cannabidiol (CBD)- and cannabigerol (CBG)-based beverage powder to support recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Author: PetersErica N, YardleyHelena, HarrisonAmy, EglitGraham M L, AntonioJose, TurcotteCynthia, Bonn-MillerMarcel O

Recovery
Safety

This study tested the safety and effects of a product containing cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), beta caryophyllene (BCP), branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and magnesium citrate on athletes. The product was safe and well-tolerated, but further research is needed to determine its effects on recovery.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Comparison Between Same-Day and Split-Dose Preparations with Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate: A Randomized Noninferiority Study.

Author: YangChen-Ta, HuangHsuan-Yuan, YenHsu-Heng, YangChia-Wei, ChenYang-Yuan, HuangSiou-Ping

Bowel cleansing
SPMC

This study aims to determine the optimal preparation of sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (SPMC) for bowel cleansing prior to afternoon colonoscopy. While SPMC is known to be effective and well-tolerated, there is limited data on the relative efficacy of same-day versus split-dose regimens for afternoon procedures.

Equivalence TrialA clinical trial designed to show that a new treatment is equivalent in efficacy/safety to an existing treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Clinical trial on the effects of oral magnesium supplementation in stable-phase COPD patients.

Author: ZanforliniBruno Micael, CeolinChiara, TrevisanCaterina, AlessiAgnese, SecciaDaniele Michele, NoaleMarianna, MaggiStefania, GuarnieriGabriella, VianelloAndrea, SergiGiuseppe

COPD treatment

This study explored the potential benefits of oral magnesium supplementation in stable-phase COPD patients. Previous research suggests a link between magnesium deficiency and COPD symptoms, but further investigation is needed to determine whether magnesium supplementation improves lung function, physical performance, and quality of life.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Magnesium Acetyl Taurate Prevents Tissue Damage and Deterioration of Prosocial Behavior Related with Vasopressin Levels in Traumatic Brain Injured Rats.

Author: HosgorlerFerda, KocBasar, KizildagServet, CanpolatSelin, ArgonAsuman, KarakilicAsli, KandisSevim, GuvendiGuven, AtesMehmet, ArdaNuri M, UysalNazan

Improved brain injury recovery

Magnesium acetyl taurate effectively ameliorated tissue damage and improved vasopressin and v1b receptor levels in the amygdala following mild traumatic brain injury in rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Oral magnesium supplementation for leg cramps in pregnancy-An observational controlled trial.

Author: AraújoCarla Adriane Leal de, LorenaSuélem Barros de, CavalcantiGuilherme Camelo de Sousa, LeãoGabriel Landim de Souza, TenórioGeraldo Padilha, AlvesJoão Guilherme B

Leg cramps reduction
Gastrointestinal side effects

Oral magnesium supplementation during pregnancy did not reduce the occurrence and frequency of episodes of leg cramps.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Preventive Therapy of Migraine.

Author: SchwedtTodd J

Improved quality of life
Reduced migraine frequency
Side effects of medication

Migraine preventive therapy aims to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. Treatment options include lifestyle modifications, trigger avoidance, and prescription medications. Effective preventive therapy includes amitriptyline, beta-blockers, biofeedback, candesartan, coenzyme Q10, cognitive-behavioral therapy, magnesium citrate, onabotulinumtoxinA, relaxation therapy, riboflavin, and topiramate.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

20.

Magnesium Citrate Protects Against Vascular Calcification in an Adenine-induced Chronic Renal Failure Rat Model.

Author: YaoZhihui, XuYang, MaWeidong, SunXin-Yuan, JiaShan, ZhengYang, LiuXiaohuan, FanYajie, WangCongxia

Reduced vascular calcification

The study aims to determine the effects of Mg citrate (MgCit) on vascular calcification (VC) in CRF rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best?

Author: UysalNazan, KizildagServet, YuceZeynep, GuvendiGuven, KandisSevim, KocBasar, KarakilicAslı, CamsariUlas M, AtesMehmet

Reduced anxiety
Tissue penetration

Magnesium is an important mineral for many functions in the body. This study looked at how different types of magnesium supplements were absorbed in the body and how they affected brain function. Magnesium malate and magnesium acetyl taurate were found to be absorbed best.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Fatal Hypermagnesemia Due to Laxative Use.

Author: BokhariSyed Rizwan, SirikiRavi, TeranFederico J, BatumanVecihi

Hypermagnesemia

Hypermagnesemia, though rare, can be fatal even in individuals with normal kidney function.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Efficacy and tolerability of 2-L polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid versus sodium picosulfate with magnesium citrate: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: SeoSeung In, KangJin Gu, KimHyoung Su, JangMyoung Kuk, KimHak Yang, ShinWoon Geon

Bowel cleansing

This study compared the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a 2-L PEG-based solution with ascorbic acid (PEG/Asc) to sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate (SP/MC) for bowel cleansing. The study found that PEG/Asc was as effective as SP/MC, but with a better tolerability profile.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate for Bowel Preparation in a Physically Disabled Outpatient Population: A Randomized, Endoscopist-Blinded Comparison With Ascorbic Acid-Enriched Polyethylene Glycol Solution Plus Bisacodyl (The PICO-MOVI Study).

Author: Mathus-VliegenElisabeth M H, van der VlietKarin, Wignand-van der StormInge J, StadwijkJohn S

Bowel preparation

The study found that sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate proved to be noninferior to ascorbic acid-enriched polyethylene glycol solution plus bisacodyl in efficacy and safety.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

25.

Systematic review and meta-analysis: Sodium picosulphate with magnesium citrate as bowel preparation for colonoscopy.

Author: van LieshoutIlvy, MunstermanIsabelle D, EskesAnne M, MaaskantJolanda M, van der HulstRené

Tolerable bowel preparation

This study aimed to determine if sodium picosulphate with magnesium citrate (SPMC) is an effective and tolerable bowel preparation alternative to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium phosphate (NaP) for colonoscopies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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