Side Effects of metoprolol: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Metoprolol is a beta-blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat. Numerous studies have demonstrated metoprolol's effectiveness, but they have also reported various side effects. 6 reported that metoprolol can cause hallucinations and vivid dreams as a side effect. Additionally, 18 suggested that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart. Furthermore, 20 pointed out that metoprolol side effects could differ based on gender.

Reasons for Side Effects

Metoprolol works by interacting with beta receptors in the heart and blood vessels, slowing the heart rate and widening blood vessels, which helps improve high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat. However, this effect can also lead to various side effects. Specifically, metoprolol could weaken the heart muscle's contractility, constrict the bronchi, and potentially raise blood sugar levels. 18 suggests that metoprolol may affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart, as metoprolol interacts with the heart's beta receptors to slow the heart rate and widen blood vessels. 20 highlights that metoprolol's side effects could vary based on gender, as drug metabolism and receptor responses differ between men and women.

Common Side Effects

Fatigue

Metoprolol could weaken the heart muscle's contractility, leading to fatigue or tiredness. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart, as metoprolol interacts with the heart's beta receptors to slow the heart rate and widen blood vessels.

Breathing Difficulties

Metoprolol could constrict the bronchi, posing potential breathing difficulties for individuals with asthma, bronchitis, or other respiratory conditions. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart, as metoprolol interacts with the heart's beta receptors to slow the heart rate and widen blood vessels.

Hypoglycemia

Metoprolol might elevate blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia for individuals with diabetes. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart, as metoprolol interacts with the heart's beta receptors to slow the heart rate and widen blood vessels.

Hallucinations, Vivid Dreams

6 reports that metoprolol can cause hallucinations and vivid dreams as a side effect. Metoprolol could affect the brain, potentially leading to such side effects.

Side Effect Management

Fatigue

Consult your doctor if you experience significant fatigue or tiredness. They may adjust the metoprolol dosage or consider a different medication. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart. Therefore, it's important to consult your doctor if you experience fatigue or tiredness.

Breathing Difficulties

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience breathing difficulties. Your doctor may adjust the metoprolol dosage or consider a different medication. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart. Therefore, it's essential to consult your doctor immediately if you experience breathing difficulties.

Hypoglycemia

Consume sugar immediately if you experience hypoglycemia. Your doctor may adjust the metoprolol dosage or consider a different medication. 18 suggests that metoprolol might affect the autonomic nervous system, potentially causing various side effects on the heart. Therefore, it's important to consult your doctor immediately if you experience hypoglycemia.

Hallucinations, Vivid Dreams

6 reports that metoprolol can cause hallucinations and vivid dreams as a side effect. If you're concerned about these side effects, consult your doctor. They may adjust the metoprolol dosage or consider a different medication. Additionally, improving your sleep quality through lifestyle adjustments is essential.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have established that metoprolol is an effective medication. However, they have also reported various side effects. These studies consistently show that metoprolol's side effects could potentially impact the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, blood sugar levels, and mental state. They also demonstrate that the severity of side effects can vary among individuals.

Differences

Different studies have reported varying levels and types of metoprolol side effects. For example, 6 reported that metoprolol can cause hallucinations and vivid dreams, while other studies didn't report such side effects. This variation is likely attributed to differences in factors like age, gender, health status, and dosage among the study participants.

Points to Consider in Real-Life Application

While metoprolol is an effective medication, it carries the risk of side effects. It's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions closely when taking metoprolol, and if you experience any side effects, consult your doctor immediately. Metoprolol can interact with other medications, so inform your doctor if you're taking any other medications.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on metoprolol side effects is still limited. In particular, research on long-term side effects is scarce, requiring further study. Additionally, due to variations in factors like age, gender, health status, and dosage among study participants, research findings may not apply to everyone.

Future Research Directions

To gain a better understanding of metoprolol side effects, long-term studies on side effects and research into the underlying mechanisms causing these side effects are needed. Developing new treatments to reduce the risk of side effects is also crucial.

Conclusion

Metoprolol is an effective medication for treating high blood pressure and irregular heartbeat, but it carries the risk of various side effects. It's important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking metoprolol and to consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects. Metoprolol can interact with other medications, so inform your doctor if you're taking any other medications. Research on metoprolol side effects is still limited, and further research is expected to improve our understanding of its safety.

Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
14
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
8
Article Type
5
1
1
4
26
1.

Are effects of antihypertensive treatment on lipoproteins merely "side-effects"? A comparison of prazosin and metoprolol.

Author: LithellH, HaglundK, GranathF, OstmanJ

Improved hypertension
Reduced cholesterol

Prazosin and metoprolol were equally effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with hypertension. However, prazosin had a greater effect on serum cholesterol and the atherogenic index.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

[The effects of captopril and metoprolol on blood pressure and side effects in patients with mild to moderate hypertension].

Author: KornerupH J, KorsagerS

Blood pressure regulation
Few side effects
Wellbeing
Side effects

Captopril + a diuretic is as effective as metoprolol + a diuretic in treating mild to moderate hypertension. In a randomized study of 76 patients, satisfactory blood pressure regulation and wellbeing were achieved in 29 patients in the captopril group and 23 patients in the metoprolol group. Side effects were similar between the two groups, with 14 side effects in 8 patients in the captopril group and 23 side effects in 15 patients in the metoprolol group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Danish

3.

Antiarrhythmic drug-induced smell and taste disturbances: A case report and literature review.

Author: CheXiaoru, LiYuandong, FangYuanjian, ReisCesar, WangHuan

Smell and taste disorders

A 73-year-old female patient experienced reversible dysosmia and hypogeusia after taking metoprolol and amiodarone, respectively.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Cytochrome b5 is a major determinant of human cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in vivo.

Author: HendersonColin J, McLaughlinLesley A, ScheerNico, StanleyLesley A, WolfC Roland

Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are crucial for drug metabolism. This study investigated the role of cytochrome b5 (Cyb5) in modulating the activity of human CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, major P450 enzymes involved in drug disposition. The findings demonstrate that Cyb5 significantly contributes to CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity in vivo, influencing drug metabolism, efficacy, and potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

[Hallucinations and vivid dreams by use of metoprolol].

Author: AhmedA I A, van MierloP J W B, van WaardeJ A, JansenP A F

Visual hallucinations
Vivid dreams

This case report describes a 71-year-old man who experienced visual hallucinations and vivid dreams after starting metoprolol, a beta-blocker. The symptoms resolved when metoprolol was replaced with atenolol, highlighting the potential for central nervous system side effects with specific beta-blockers.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Dutch

7.

Management of American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology-Defined Stage 2 Hypertension by Cardiologists in India.

Author: RamC Venkata S, DalalJamshed, KahaliDhiman, MohananPadhinhare P, DasMrinal Kanti, GuhaSantanu, NairTiny, NarasimhanCalambur, RoyDevanu Ghosh, AbdullakuttyJabir, RaySoumitra, FulwaniMahesh, MohanJagdish Chander, GuptaRajeev, AbhyankarMahesh, RevankarSantosh

Hypertension management
Ankle edema

Uncontrolled hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and effective management is crucial. This study assessed the approaches to managing patients with Stage 2 hypertension by cardiologists in India. The study found that triple or even higher combinations of antihypertensive medications were commonly used. The most prevalent comorbidity in the study population was diabetes mellitus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

[Active pharmacosurveillance of patients affiliated to the Colombian general social security/health system].

Author: Machado-AlbaJorge E, Giraldo-GiraldoClaudia, Moncada-EscobarJuan C

Adverse Event Prevention

Active pharmacosurveillance can lead to resources being optimized, adverse events being prevented and therapeutic failure being determined. This type of strategy anticipates the appearance of possible risks for patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

9.

Transcriptional Responses in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Propranolol and Metoprolol.

Author: SunLiwei, LiuFang, ChenHaigang, WangSisi, LinXia, ChiJian, ZhuQing, FuZhengwei

Detoxification
Oxidative stress

Exposure to propranolol and metoprolol, common beta-blockers, was found to affect gene expression in zebrafish, potentially impacting detoxification and stress responses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The Toxicology Investigators Consortium Case Registry-the 2010 experience.

Author: BrentJeffrey, WaxPaul M, SchwartzTayler, KleinschmidtKurt C, EngebretsenKristin, BeuhlerMichael,

Chemical toxicity

This report summarizes the data collected in 2010 by the American College of Medical Toxicology Case Registry, a multicenter database on chemical toxicities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Wastewater-derived antagonistic activities of G protein-coupled receptor-acting pharmaceuticals in river water.

Author: IharaMasaru, HanamotoSeiya, IharaMariko O, ZhangHan, TanakaHiroaki

Pharmaceutical pollution

This study uses an in vitro assay to measure the biological activities of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-acting pharmaceuticals in river water and wastewater treatment plant effluents. The results indicate that GPCR-acting pharmaceuticals are present in these environments, suggesting potential risks to aquatic species.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Atenolol and metoprolol: comparison of effects on blood pressure and serum lipoproteins, and side effects.

Author: RössnerS, WeinerL

Blood pressure reduction
Decreased HDL
Increased VLDL

Atenolol did not affect serum lipoproteins in hypertensive patients, while metoprolol increased VLDL concentration. Selective beta-blockers may have different effects on lipoproteins.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. against isoprenaline induced cardiotoxicity.

Author: KhwajaSadiya, MahmoodTarique, SiddiquiHefazat H

Cardioprotection

Cyperus rotundus, a traditional herbal medicine, showed cardioprotective activity against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. The ethanolic extract significantly reduced cardiac enzyme levels and improved heart function, comparable to standard drugs like metoprolol and ramipril.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: beneficial effect of perioperative metoprolol.

Author: SkibaMarina A, PickAdrian W, ChaudhuriKrishanu, BaileyMichael, KrumHenry, KwaLachlan J, RosenfeldtFranklin L

AF prevention

Metoprolol and amiodarone are being investigated for the prevention of atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in treated wastewater reused for non-potable applications in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Author: SemerjianLucy, ShanablehAbdallah, SemreenMohammad H, SamaraiMufid

Water reuse
Pharmaceutical exposure

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are found in wastewater and can pose health risks. Studies indicate that the levels of these chemicals in treated wastewater reused for irrigation are safe for human health.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

[Clinical course and treatment of ectopic atrial tachycardia in 144 children].

Author: GeHaiyan, LiXiaomei, ZhangYan, LiuHaiju, JiangHe

Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy

Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) is a common supraventricular tachycardia in children. This study assessed the clinical course and response to treatment of EAT in children.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

20.

Sex-Related Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Frequently Prescribed Drugs: A Review of the Literature.

Author: FarkouhAndré, RiedlThomas, GottardiRoman, CzejkaMartin, Kautzky-WillerAlexandra

Drug efficacy
Drug safety
Adverse effects

This study reviews the evidence of sex-related differences in drug metabolism, efficacy and safety of frequently prescribed drugs. Clinicians are encouraged to be aware of these differences and adjust dosages accordingly.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Decreasing the Burden of Side Effects Through Positive Message Framing: an Experimental Proof-of-Concept Study.

Author: WilhelmMarcel, RiefWinfried, DoeringBettina K

Increased side effects
Nocebo effect

This study aimed to determine the effect of two different framings of informed consent on the occurrence, intensity, and perceived threat of side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

The comparison of side effects of methyldopa, amlodipine, and metoprolol in pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Author: GhafarzadehMasoumeh, ShakaramiAmir, YariFatemeh, NamdariParsa

Hypertension treatment in pregnancy
Intrauterine growth restriction
Low birth weight
Preeclampsia
Preterm labor

A retrospective cohort study of 300 pregnant women with chronic hypertension found that methyldopa and amlodipine were associated with the least side effects. However, methyldopa was associated with a higher incidence of preeclampsia than metoprolol.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Hydrochlorothizide-induced acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis presenting with bilateral periorbital impetigo.

Author: ReapLeo E, RoddCassandra, LariosJose, MarshallMichael

AGEP

Hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic, has been reported to induce acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) in two cases, highlighting the need for caution when using this drug.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

24.

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour.

Author: VogelJoshua P, NardinJuan Manuel, DowswellTherese, WestHelen M, OladapoOlufemi T

Fetus maturation
Lung maturation
Preterm birth prevention
Severe side effects

Tocolytic agents can inhibit labor to prolong pregnancy in women with preterm birth. While tocolytics can be beneficial, they can also have severe side effects. Combinations of tocolytic drugs may be more effective than single agents or no intervention.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

Safety of an i.v. β-adrenergic blockade protocol for heart rate optimization before coronary CT angiography.

Author: KassamaliRahil H, KimDaniel H, PatelHiten, RaichuraNitin, HoeyEdward T D, HodsonJames, HussainShahid

Heart rate control
Atrioventricular block

High doses of i.v. metoprolol can be used effectively and with a low rate of major complications to control heart rate before coronary CT angiography in correctly screened patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

26.

[Investigations in animal experiments into the influence of the beta-1-selective blocking agent metoprolol on the cardiovascular and metabolic side effects of the tocolytic fenoterol].

Author: StriglR, PfeifferU, SagererM, BirkM, AschenbrennerG, ErhardtW, KohlerW, BlümelG

Cardioprotective
Reduces missensations

Metoprolol, a beta-1-adrenergic blocker, can counteract the cardiovascular side effects of Fenoterol, a beta-mimetic used for labor inhibition, without affecting its metabolic effects.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

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