Side Effects of nitazoxanide: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Nitazoxanide is a drug used to treat intestinal parasitic infections such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. 9 、 1 、 22 This drug has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasites and anaerobic bacteria. 22 Nitazoxanide has also been suggested to be effective in the treatment of infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium that causes stomach ulcers. 13 、 15 Furthermore, nitazoxanide has been shown to potentially be effective in the treatment of glioblastoma, a type of brain tumor. 4 Nitazoxanide has been suggested to be effective in preventing hepatic encephalopathy, which is a neurological complication of cirrhosis. 8 However, nitazoxanide may not be effective in the treatment of Chagas disease. 24 Nitazoxanide may also be effective in treating drug-resistant giardiasis when used in combination with albendazole. 19 Nitazoxanide is currently approved for the treatment of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. 7

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of nitazoxanide are thought to be caused by metabolites produced when the drug is metabolized in the body. 23 Nitazoxanide is converted into its main metabolite, tizoxanide, after entering the body. 23 Tizoxanide remains in the body longer than nitazoxanide and may be the cause of side effects. 23

Common Side Effects

Digestive System

The most common side effects of nitazoxanide are digestive symptoms. 7 Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea have been reported. 7 These symptoms are usually mild and do not require discontinuation of treatment. 7 However, if these symptoms are severe, you should consult a doctor.

Liver

Nitazoxanide may rarely affect the liver. 6 Symptoms such as elevated liver function test values and jaundice have been reported. 6 If these symptoms occur, you should consult a doctor immediately.

Other

Other side effects of nitazoxanide include headache, dizziness, and rash. 7 If you are concerned about these symptoms, you should consult a doctor.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Digestive System

Dietary and lifestyle modifications are effective in reducing digestive symptoms. 7 For example, it is important to avoid greasy foods and eat foods that are easy to digest. 7 It is also important to drink plenty of fluids. 7 If these measures do not improve symptoms, you should consult a doctor.

Liver

To prevent liver side effects, it is important to check liver function test values regularly. 6 Lifestyle modifications such as limiting alcohol intake and avoiding high-fat foods are also effective. 6 If these measures do not improve symptoms, you should consult a doctor.

Other

Getting enough rest is important to reduce symptoms such as headache and dizziness. 7 If you develop a rash, you should consult a doctor.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Many studies have shown that nitazoxanide is effective in treating intestinal parasitic infections such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. 9 、 1 、 22 Many studies have also shown that nitazoxanide is a relatively safe drug. 7 Side effects of nitazoxanide are usually mild and do not require discontinuation of treatment. 7 However, nitazoxanide may rarely affect the liver. 6

Differences Among Studies

Some studies have suggested that nitazoxanide may be effective in treating infections caused by Helicobacter pylori or glioblastoma. 13 、 4 On the other hand, other studies have suggested that nitazoxanide may not be effective in treating Chagas disease. 24

Precautions for Real-Life Applications

Nitazoxanide is an effective drug for treating intestinal parasitic infections such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. 9 、 1 However, nitazoxanide may rarely affect the liver. 6 Therefore, it is important to take nitazoxanide as directed by your doctor. 7

Limitations of Current Research

There is not enough research yet on the side effects of nitazoxanide. 7 In particular, there is not enough data on the side effects of long-term use of nitazoxanide. 7 Therefore, further research is needed on the long-term use of nitazoxanide. 7

Directions for Future Research

Further research is needed on the side effects of nitazoxanide. 7 In particular, there is not enough data on the side effects of long-term use of nitazoxanide. 7 Research is also needed on the safety of nitazoxanide. 7 Furthermore, research is needed on the efficacy of nitazoxanide. 7 These studies will help us to better understand the safety and effectiveness of nitazoxanide.

Conclusion

Nitazoxanide is an effective drug for treating intestinal parasitic infections such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, but may rarely affect the liver. 7 It is important to take nitazoxanide as directed by your doctor. 7 Further research is needed to better understand the safety and effectiveness of nitazoxanide. 7

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
20
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
4
Article Type
4
0
0
5
23
1.

Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent.

Author: WhiteClinton A

Effective against bacteria
Effective against helminths
Effective against parasites
Side effects similar to placebo

Nitazoxanide, a new drug, is effective in treating cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, parasitic infections that cause diarrhea. Nitazoxanide has fewer side effects than other medications used to treat these infections.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

2.

Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses.

Author: StockisA, AllemonA M, De BruynS, GenglerC

Increased bioavailability

This phase IA study assessed the tolerability and pharmacokinetic linearity of tizoxanide (T) and its glucuronide (TG), metabolites of nitazoxanide (N), in healthy volunteers. The study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of T and TG after single-dose administration of N with and without food.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Gastrointestinal and hepatic side effects of potential treatment for COVID-19 and vaccination in patients with chronic liver diseases.

Author: LawMan Fai, HoRita, LawKimmy Wan Tung, CheungCarmen Ka Man

COVID-19 treatment
COVID-19 vaccine
GI symptoms
Liver dysfunction

This review examines various medications and vaccines being investigated for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. It discusses potential gastrointestinal and liver complications associated with the disease and treatment, as well as the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent.

Author: FoxLeAnne M, SaravolatzLouis D

Antiparasitic treatment
Gastrointestinal side effects

Nitazoxanide is a well-tolerated antiparasitic agent with broad in vitro activity, and it represents a valuable addition to the antiparasitic arsenal.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Nitazoxanide versus rifaximin in preventing the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized double-blind controlled trial.

Author: GlalKhadija A M, Abd-ElsalamSherief M, MostafaTarek M

HE prevention
Improved QOL

This study is looking at the safety and effectiveness of nitazoxanide, a drug used to treat intestinal infections, in preventing the return of hepatic encephalopathy, a brain disorder that can occur in people with liver cirrhosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

The treatment of giardiasis in children: single-dose tinidazole compared with 3 days of nitazoxanide.

Author: EscobedoA A, AlvarezG, GonzálezM E, AlmirallP, CañeteR, CimermanS, RuizA, PérezR

Giardia cure
Well tolerated
Mild side effects

Nitazoxanide and tinidazole are medications used for treating Giardia lamblia infection. The study found that a single dose of tinidazole was more effective in achieving parasitological cure than six doses of nitazoxanide in children with G. lamblia infection. Both treatments were well tolerated.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Efficacy and safety of anthelmintics tested against Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs.

Author: MkupasiErnatus Martin, SikasungeChummy Sikalizyo, NgowiHelena Aminiel, JohansenMaria Vang

Porcine cysticercosis control
Adverse effects

Oxfendazole is a potential drug for controlling porcine cysticercosis, but more research is needed to evaluate its efficacy and safety.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Efficacy of nitazoxanide to treat natural Giardia infections in dogs.

Author: Moron-SotoMario, GutierrezLilia, SumanoHéctor, TapiaGraciela, Alcala-CantoYazmin

Giardiasis treatment
Adverse side effects
Drug efficacy

This research focuses on the need for further investigation into the efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide (NTZ) for treating giardiasis in dogs. While NTZ has shown effectiveness in humans, its use in dogs requires further evaluation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Nitazoxanide in treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a clinical and in vitro study.

Author: GuttnerYvonne, WindsorHelen M, ViialaCharlie H, DusciLeon, MarshallBarry J

Helicobacter pylori treatment
Side effects

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) was evaluated as a single agent for treating Helicobacter pylori infection. In 20 patients who had previously failed eradication therapy, NTZ failed to eradicate H. pylori. While no major adverse reactions were observed, frequent minor side effects were reported.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Newer, Older, and Alternative Agents for the Eradication of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Infection: A Narrative Review.

Author: BuzásGyörgy Miklós, BirinyiPéter

<i>H. pylori</i> eradication
Reduced side effects
Antibiotic resistance

This review discusses the challenges of treating Helicobacter pylori infection, including increasing antibiotic resistance and patient noncompliance. Novel approaches, such as potassium-competitive acid blockers and probiotics, are explored to improve eradication rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Nitazoxanide and Cancer Drug Resistance: Targeting Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway.

Author: Hemmati-DinarvandMohsen, AhmadvandHassan, SeghatoleslamAtefeh

Reverses MDR
Unknown

Nitazoxanide (NTZ) was investigated as a potential reversal agent for multidrug resistance (MDR) in colorectal cancer cells. NTZ combined with oxaliplatin (OXP) synergistically inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and arrested cell cycle in LS174T and LS174T/OXP cell lines. These results suggest NTZ has potential for overcoming MDR in colorectal cancer treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effect of drug metabolism in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 from an entirely computational perspective.

Author: de JesusJoão Paulo Almirão, AssisLetícia Cristina, de CastroAlexandre Alves, da CunhaElaine Fontes Ferreira, NepovimovaEugenie, KucaKamil, de Castro RamalhoTeodorico, de Almeida La PortaFelipe

Drug development
More effective drugs
Reduced side effects

This study investigated the effects of metabolism on the rational design of new drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

In vitro effects of nitazoxanide on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces and metacestodes.

Author: WalkerMirjam, RossignolJean François, TorgersonPaul, HemphillAndrew

Cystic echinococcosis

Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum drug used against intestinal parasites and bacteria. In vitro studies suggest that it may be an effective treatment option for cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This drug is a potential alternative to benzimidazole carbamate derivatives, such as mebendazole and albendazole, which have significant side effects when used in high doses for long periods of time.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

23.

Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man during 7 days dosing with 0.5 g and 1 g b.i.d.

Author: StockisA, De BruynS, GenglerC, RosillonD

This phase IB study assessed the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of tizoxanide (T) and its glucuronide (TG), metabolites of nitazoxanide (N), in healthy volunteers. The study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of T and TG after 7 days of N dosing.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide enhances parasitemia, tissue lesions and mortality caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in murine model.

Author: Valle-ReyesJuan Salvador, MelnikovValery, DobrovinskayaOxana, Rodriguez-HernándezAlejandrina, Wookee-ZeaCristina, Pimientel-RodrigezVíctor, Rueda-ValdovinosGabriela, Delgado-EncisoIván, López-LemusUriel A, Espinoza-GómezFrancisco

Chagas disease treatment
NTZ aggravates infection

This study investigated the effect of nitazoxanide (NTZ) on experimental murine trypanosomiasis, in comparison with the classical antichagasic agent nifurtimox (NFT). The study found that NTZ drastically aggravates the course of T. cruzi infection and cannot be considered for Chagas' disease treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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