Side Effects of pembrolizumab injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 6 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor that has been effective in treating various cancers, including melanoma and lung cancer. 1 Pembrolizumab works by activating the immune system to attack cancer cells. However, overactivation of the immune system can lead to various immune-related adverse events (irAEs). 1 Side effects of pembrolizumab include optic neuropathy. 1 A new cancer vaccine called TAS0313 is composed of several long peptides that target multiple cancer antigens and is considered more effective than previous short and long peptide vaccines. 3 TAS0313 has been used as monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors and its safety has been confirmed. 3 TAS0313 has been shown to increase tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). 3 Immune checkpoint inhibitors have made significant progress in melanoma treatment. 4 However, immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause autoimmune phenomena, resulting from concurrent activation of the immune system against normal cells. 4 In recent years, musculoskeletal side effects, especially immune-mediated arthritis (IA), have been increasingly reported. 4 The incidence of malignant melanoma is continuously increasing. 6 The prognosis of metastatic disease is still limited. 6 Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an inhibitor of programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and has been approved to treat patients with advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer who do not respond to other treatments. 5 However, its efficacy and safety in the treatment of advanced liver cancer is still under investigation. 5

Reasons for Side Effects

Pembrolizumab is a type of drug called an immune checkpoint inhibitor that binds to the PD-1 protein, which acts as a brake on immune cells, and releases the brake so that immune cells can attack cancer cells. 1 However, immune checkpoint inhibitors can sometimes attack normal cells as well as cancer cells. 1 Therefore, pembrolizumab can cause various side effects. 1

Common Side Effects

Optic neuropathy

Pembrolizumab can cause optic neuropathy. 1 Optic neuropathy is a disease that occurs when the optic nerve is damaged, resulting in symptoms such as decreased vision and narrowed field of vision. 1

Immune-mediated arthritis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab, may induce autoimmune phenomena caused by concurrent activation of the immune system against normal cells. 4 During the last years, cases of musculoskeletal side effects, especially immune-mediated arthritis (IA), have been increasingly reported. 4

Acute liver failure

Keytruda (pembrolizumab) has been approved to treat advanced melanoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer patients who do not respond to other treatment. 5 However, its efficacy and security in the treatment of advanced liver cancer is still under investigation. 5

Measures for Side Effects

Optic neuropathy

If you experience symptoms of optic neuropathy, consult your doctor. 1 Your doctor will provide appropriate treatment based on your symptoms. 1

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities in Research

Multiple studies have shown that while pembrolizumab is an effective drug for cancer treatment, it can cause various side effects. 1 3 4 5

Differences in Research

Each study has reported different side effects of pembrolizumab, including optic neuropathy, immune-mediated arthritis, and liver failure. 1 4 5 In addition, a new cancer vaccine called TAS0313 has been suggested to have fewer side effects and potentially higher efficacy compared to pembrolizumab. 3

Things to Keep in Mind When Applying to Real Life

Pembrolizumab is an effective drug for cancer treatment, but it can cause various side effects. 1 When using pembrolizumab, it is important to understand the risks and benefits of side effects and consult with your doctor. 1

Current Limitations of Research

Research on the side effects of pembrolizumab is not yet sufficient. 1 In particular, research on long-term side effects is lacking. 1

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to better understand the side effects of pembrolizumab. 1 In particular, research on long-term side effects, the mechanisms by which side effects occur, and prevention and treatment methods for side effects is needed. 1

Conclusion

Pembrolizumab is an effective drug for cancer treatment, but it can cause various side effects. 1 When using pembrolizumab, it is important to understand the risks and benefits of side effects and consult with your doctor. 1 Future research is expected to deepen our understanding of the side effects of pembrolizumab and lead to the development of safer treatments. 1

Literature analysis of 6 papers
Positive Content
6
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
0
Article Type
1
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2
5
2.

Options of Therapeutics and Novel Delivery Systems of Drugs for the Treatment of Melanoma.

Author: WangHongbin, TranTuan T, DuongKatherine T, NguyenTrieu, LeUyen M

Melanoma treatment
Side effects

Melanoma treatment using FDA-approved drugs has limitations due to side effects and patient non-compliance. Novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and liposomes, have been developed to improve drug delivery, targeting, and bioavailability, potentially reducing toxicity and enhancing treatment effectiveness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

First-in-human study of the cancer peptide vaccine TAS0313 in patients with advanced solid tumors.

Author: KondoShunsuke, ShimizuToshio, KoyamaTakafumi, SatoJun, IwasaSatoru, YonemoriKan, FujiwaraYutaka, ShimomuraAkihiko, KitanoShigehisa, TamuraKenji, YamamotoNoboru

Cancer treatment
Injection site-related events

TAS0313, a novel cancer vaccine cocktail, was evaluated in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. The vaccine was well-tolerated and induced immune responses, but the clinical efficacy was limited.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

A case report of immune-mediated arthritis in a patient with cutaneous melanoma receiving checkpoint inhibition therapy.

Author: PapaxoinisGeorge, AnastasopoulouAmalia, LaskariKaterina, DiamantopoulosPanagiotis, BenopoulouOlga, GogasHelen

Melanoma treatment
Immune-mediated arthritis

This study discusses the increasing reports of musculoskeletal side effects, especially immune-mediated arthritis (IA), in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for melanoma.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Acute liver failure caused by pembrolizumab in a patient with pulmonary metastatic liver cancer: A case report.

Author: WuZhenping, LaiLingling, LiMing, ZhangLunli, ZhangWenfeng

Lung cancer treatment
Melanoma treatment

Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is a PD-1 inhibitor approved for treating advanced melanoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer. Its efficacy and safety in treating advanced liver cancer are still under investigation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

[Malignant melanoma : Current status].

Author: WinklerJ K, Buder-BakhayaK, Dimitrakopoulou-StraussA, EnkA, HasselJ C

Improved prognosis
Immune-mediated side effects

Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have significantly improved the prognosis of metastatic melanoma, providing a chance of long-term disease control in approximately 60% of patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

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