Effects of prochlorperazine: A Synthesis of Findings from 14 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main research findings

Prochlorperazine has been investigated for its various effects in multiple studies. explored its circulatory effects when administered intravenously. 1 examined whether prochlorperazine affects the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and vestibulo-perceptual function. studied its influence on positive and negative conditioning. compared the antiemetic effects of prochlorperazine and droperidol in chemotherapy with cisplatin. compared the effects of prochlorperazine, ondansetron, and dexamethasone on the prevention of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. 5 examined the impact of prochlorperazine on driving skills. 14 investigated the side effects of prochlorperazine in children. 10 compared the effectiveness of prochlorperazine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for alleviating symptoms such as vomiting and nausea in patients undergoing radiotherapy. 6 explored the effects of prochlorperazine on the function of integral membrane proteins in rat liver microsomes. 12 investigated the potential protective effect of prochlorperazine against nephrotoxicity. 4 studied the pharmacokinetics and effects of prochlorperazine in elderly female volunteers. investigated the effects of prochlorperazine and benzquinamide, separately and combined, on the human respiratory center. 8 examined the effects of prochlorperazine, somatostatin, and naloxone on the control of ventilation in humans. compared the ventilatory effects of prochlorperazine and benzquinamide. 11 examined the developmental effects of early postnatal treatment of rats with prochlorperazine. 2 described a case of prochlorperazine-induced extrapyramidal effects mimicking meningitis in a child. 3 explored the amplification of quinine cardiac effects by prochlorperazine in falciparum malaria. 9 examined the effects of combined morphine and prochlorperazine on ventilatory control in humans. reviewed the side effects of prochlorperazine in children. explored the effects of prochlorperazine on the rat brain as revealed by electron microscopy. compared the psychotropic effects of metoclopramide and prochlorperazine in normal subjects. investigated the effects of prochlorperazine on chronic psychotic choreo-athetosis. 7 compared the antiemetic effects of alizapride and prochlorperazine in cisplatin-induced emesis. 13 compared the antiemetic effects of nabilone and prochlorperazine on chemotherapy-induced emesis.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit summary

Prochlorperazine has shown effectiveness in controlling nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. , , 10 , 7 , 13 Some studies suggest a potential protective effect of prochlorperazine against nephrotoxicity caused by certain substances. 12 Additionally, prochlorperazine has been observed to potentially reverse respiratory suppression induced by morphine. 9 Prochlorperazine may also show potential benefits for specific psychiatric conditions, such as chronic psychotic choreo-athetosis.

Risk summary

Prochlorperazine carries the risk of various side effects. Notably, it can significantly impact the nervous system, potentially leading to impaired consciousness, dyskinesia, pyramidal signs, and hypertonia. 14 , 2 Prochlorperazine can also impair driving ability. 5 There are concerns about prochlorperazine's effects on the heart, and its use in conjunction with other drugs like quinine can potentially amplify cardiac effects. 3 Prochlorperazine can affect the respiratory center, and its use with other medications like benzquinamide may enhance this effect. , 8 Additionally, prochlorperazine has been shown to potentially influence brain development in rats. 11 In elderly individuals, prochlorperazine may cause side effects such as increased prolactin levels and decreased salivary flow. 4

Comparison of studies

Commonalities

Many studies on the effects of prochlorperazine indicate its potential for diverse effects. A common finding across numerous studies is the significant impact of prochlorperazine on the nervous system.

Differences

The effects and side effects of prochlorperazine vary between studies. For example, its antiemetic efficacy might differ based on chemotherapy types, dosages, and individual patient characteristics. Similarly, side effects can vary depending on factors like age, gender, and concurrent medications.

Consistency and contradictions of results

Research findings regarding the effects of prochlorperazine are sometimes consistent, while other times contradictory. For instance, several studies consistently demonstrate its efficacy in controlling nausea and vomiting. , , 10 , 7 , 13 However, studies on prochlorperazine's ability to protect against nephrotoxicity induced by certain substances show inconsistent results. 12 The influence of prochlorperazine on driving abilities remains unclear. 5 Furthermore, reported frequencies and severities of prochlorperazine side effects vary across studies. 14 , 2 These discrepancies could be attributed to differences in the studied patient populations and research methodologies.

Points to consider for real-world application

While prochlorperazine has potential for diverse effects, it's crucial to recognize its substantial risk of side effects. Therefore, if taking prochlorperazine, adhering to a doctor's instructions is paramount. This is especially important for children, the elderly, and pregnant or breastfeeding women, who should consult their doctor before taking prochlorperazine. Additionally, caution is advised when engaging in activities requiring concentration and judgment, such as driving or operating machinery, as prochlorperazine might affect these abilities.

Limitations of current research

Research on prochlorperazine remains insufficient, particularly regarding long-term safety and efficacy. Further research is essential, especially considering the significant individual variations in prochlorperazine's effects and side effects.

Future research directions

To better understand the effects and side effects of prochlorperazine, the following research areas are crucial: - Studies evaluating long-term safety and efficacy - Research exploring individualized dosages and administration methods based on patient characteristics - Investigations into the interactions between prochlorperazine and other medications - Research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of action of prochlorperazine

Conclusion

Prochlorperazine holds potential for diverse effects, but it's important to acknowledge its significant risk of side effects. Following a doctor's instructions is crucial when taking prochlorperazine. Research on prochlorperazine's effects and side effects remains incomplete, highlighting the need for continued investigations.

Literature analysis of 14 papers
Positive Content
7
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
5
Article Type
7
0
0
0
14
1.

Effects of prochlorperazine on normal vestibular ocular and perceptual responses: a randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study.

Author: PatelM, NigmatullinaY, SeemungalB M, GoldingJ F, BronsteinA M

Prochlorperazine did not affect vestibular function in healthy subjects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Prochlorperazine-induced extrapyramidal effects mimicking meningitis in a child.

Author: MuñizA E

Extrapyramidal side effects
Meningismus

Certain medications, such as phenothiazines, may cause side effects that mimic meningitis in children. The use of antiemetics in children with viral gastroenteritis is controversial, but they can cause extrapyramidal side effects that can mimic serious diseases. Clinicians should be aware of these potential side effects and emphasize them to patients so that corrective treatment can be initiated promptly.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Amplification of quinine cardiac effects by the resistance-reversing agent prochlorperazine in falciparum malaria.

Author: WattG, Na-NakornA, BatemanD N, PlubhaN, MothanaprakoonP, EdsteinM, WebsterH K

Drug resistance reversal
Drug toxicity
QTc prolongation

The use of reversing agents to overcome drug resistance could potentially amplify serious drug effects. In a study of 12 patients with falciparum malaria, prochlorperazine, a reversing agent, significantly prolonged the QTc interval after quinine administration. The prolongation was not observed with quinine alone, suggesting that the reversing agent amplified quinine-induced ECG changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

4.

The pharmacokinetics and effects of prochlorperazine in elderly female volunteers.

Author: IsahA O, RawlinsM D, BatemanD N

Reduced salivary flow
Prolonged reaction time

Prochlorperazine, an antiemetic, showed similar pharmacokinetics in healthy elderly women compared to younger subjects after intravenous administration. Oral bioavailability was low, and prochlorperazine exerted both antidopaminergic and anticholinergic effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

The effects of two anti-vertigo drugs (betahistine and prochlorperazine) on driving skills.

Author: BettsT, HarrisD, GaddE

Impaired driving

Betahistine did not affect psychomotor performance, while prochlorperazine impaired driving performance, increasing carelessness and slowing reaction time.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Effects of prochlorperazine on the function of integral membrane proteins.

Author: DannenbergA, ZakimD

Membrane disruption

Prochlorperazine, an antipsychotic drug, affected the activities of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver microsomes. It disrupted the structural organization between lipids and proteins in microsomal membranes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

7.

Comparative effects of intravenously administered alizapride and prochlorperazine in cisplatin-induced emesis.

Author: RochéH, HymanG, NahasG, StooplerM, EllisonR, DesjardinsR

Antiemetic effect
Nausea and vomiting

Alizapride and prochlorperazine, both antiemetics, were compared in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Alizapride provided complete protection against vomiting in 31%, but prochlorperazine was more effective in reducing the frequency and duration of vomiting.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Effects of somatostatin, naloxone and prochlorperazine on the control of ventilation in man.

Author: MaxwellD L, NolopK B, HughesJ M

Somatostatin significantly decreased the ventilatory response to hypoxia, suggesting an action on the carotid body. The effect was not blocked by naloxone or prochlorperazine, highlighting the unique mechanism of somatostatin's action.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

The effects of combined morphine and prochlorperazine on ventilatory control in humans.

Author: OlsonL G, HensleyM J, SaundersN A

Reverse ventilatory depression

Prochlorperazine, an antiemetic neuroleptic drug, was found to reverse the depression of the ventilatory response to asphyxia caused by morphine. The drug significantly increased the ventilatory response to asphyxia, but did not affect resting ventilation or the ventilatory response to hypercapnia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Tetrahydrocannabinol vs. prochlorperazine. The effects of two antiemetics on patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Author: UngerleiderJ T, AndrysiakT A, FairbanksL A, TeslerA S, ParkerR G

Treats nausea
Treats vomiting

Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was slightly more beneficial than prochlorperazine in alleviating symptoms of vomiting and nausea in patients receiving radiotherapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Effects of prochlorperazine on experimental nephrotoxicity.

Author: HarrisonS D, CoxJ L, GilesR C

Reduced nephrotoxicity

Prochlorperazine reduced nephrotoxicity in mice and rats exposed to methyl-CCNU and mercuric chloride, respectively, suggesting potential protective effects against acute nephrotoxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

Double-blind comparison of the antiemetic effects of nabilone and prochlorperazine on chemotherapy-induced emesis.

Author: SteeleN, GrallaR J, BraunD W, YoungC W

Antiemetic effect
Dizziness
Drowsiness

Nabilone was as effective as prochlorperazine in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, especially in patients receiving chemotherapy agents other than high-dose cisplatin. Nabilone was associated with drowsiness and dizziness, which were dose-limiting in 25% of patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

14.

Prochlorperazine in childhood: side-effects.

Author: LankampD J, WillemseJ, PikaarS A, van HeystA N

Neurological side effects

Prochlorperazine (CompazineR StemetilR) was found to cause neurological side effects in 36 children up to the age of 16. The most common side effect was dyskinesia, followed by impaired consciousness, pyramidal signs, and hypertonus. These side effects are not related to dosage and disappear after stopping the drug. Orphenadrine (DisipalR) can be used for instant relief.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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