Causes of rubella: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that can cause serious complications, particularly during pregnancy. 16 The virus is spread through respiratory droplets and can lead to both clinical and subclinical infections in children and adults. 16 For pregnant women, rubella infection poses a significant risk to the fetus, potentially resulting in congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which can cause severe birth defects, including deafness, blindness, and heart defects. 16 This underscores the importance of vaccination against rubella, especially for women of childbearing age. 16

In addition to the health risks associated with rubella, several studies have highlighted factors contributing to low vaccination rates, which can lead to outbreaks. For example, in Tanzania, despite a national campaign to achieve 95% measles-rubella vaccination coverage, only 88.2% of children aged 9-59 months had received the MR vaccine dose. 6 This gap in coverage is linked to factors such as the age of the child, household wealth, and caregiver characteristics, underscoring the need for tailored outreach and communication strategies to address these barriers. 6

Research has also explored the role of misinformation in vaccine hesitancy, particularly concerning the MMR vaccine and its perceived link to autism. 5 A study in Minnesota found that Somali parents were less likely to immunize their children for MMR due to this misconception. 5 This highlights the need for effective educational campaigns to dispel myths and address concerns about vaccine safety. 5

Reasons for the Causes

The causes of rubella can be attributed to several factors, including the transmission of the rubella virus, individual immune status, and social determinants of health.

Common Causes

Rubella Virus Infection

Rubella is caused by the rubella virus, which is spread through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. 16

Immune Status

Individuals who have not been vaccinated against rubella or who have not developed sufficient immunity from vaccination are at a higher risk of infection. 18

Social Factors

Social factors, such as low vaccination rates in certain communities, can contribute to rubella outbreaks. 5

Measures to Address the Causes

Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine provides immunity against the virus, protecting individuals from infection. 9

Raising Awareness About Rubella

Raising awareness about the dangers of rubella and the importance of prevention is crucial. 5

Vaccination for Women of Childbearing Age

Vaccinating women of childbearing age against rubella reduces the risk of infection during pregnancy. 17

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have confirmed the safety and effectiveness of rubella vaccines. 14 22 23

Differences

Studies have revealed variations in the effectiveness and side effects of rubella vaccines, potentially stemming from differences in study populations and methodologies. 7 For instance, one study reported cases of thrombocytopenia following rubella vaccination, while others did not. 7 Further research is needed to understand these discrepancies and comprehensively evaluate the vaccine's safety and efficacy.

Practical Implications and Considerations

Vaccination remains the most effective means of preventing rubella. Women planning to become pregnant should receive the rubella vaccine to minimize the risk of infection. During rubella outbreaks, taking preventive measures like avoiding crowded areas can help reduce exposure.

Limitations of Current Research

Further research is needed to address existing gaps in knowledge about rubella vaccines, particularly regarding the risk of thrombocytopenia following vaccination. 7

Future Research Directions

Continued research is essential to enhance the effectiveness of rubella vaccines, explore strategies for reducing side effects, and develop new treatments for rubella infection. 7

Conclusion

Rubella is a preventable viral infection that can have serious consequences, especially for pregnant women. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent rubella and protect individuals, particularly women of childbearing age. While research continues to refine our understanding of rubella and its prevention, it is crucial to promote widespread vaccination and raise awareness about the importance of protecting against this potentially harmful virus.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
13
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
9
Article Type
0
0
1
5
24
1.

Combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine and febrile convulsions: the risk considered in the broad context.

Author: CasabonaGiacomo, BertonOlivia, SinghTina, KnufMarkus, BonanniPaolo

MMRV vaccine effectiveness
MMRV vaccine febrile convulsion

The first dose of the MMRV vaccine is associated with a twofold increased relative risk of febrile convulsion (FC) compared to MMR and V administered separately, but the attributable risk is low. This narrative review discusses the clinical implications of this finding and outlines strategies to minimize the risk of FC following MMRV vaccination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Environmental Factors and the Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes-Old Disease and New Data.

Author: ZorenaKatarzyna, MichalskaMałgorzata, KurpasMonika, JaskulakMarta, MurawskaAnna, RostamiSaeid

Bacterial infections
Type 1 diabetes
Viral infections
Vitamin D deficiency
Yeast-like fungi infections

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that affects insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells. This review examines environmental factors associated with T1D, highlighting the potential role of vitamin D deficiency, colder climate, pollution, and viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections in the development of T1D.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Factors affecting non-coverage of measles-rubella vaccination among children aged 9-59 months in Tanzania.

Author: MkopiAbdallah, MtengaSally, FestoCharles, MhaluGrace, ShabaniJosephine, TillyaRobert, MasemoAme, KheirKhamis, NassorMohamed, MwengeeWilliam, LyimoDafrossa, MasanjaHonorati

MR vaccination
Measles
Rubella

This study assesses the coverage of Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccination in Tanzania, revealing an estimated 88.2% coverage among children aged 9-59 months. The study identifies factors associated with non-coverage, highlighting areas for improvement in immunization activities and communication strategies to achieve the MR campaign target of 95% vaccination coverage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia: three cases of immune thrombocytopenia after 107 720 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccination in Thailand.

Author: UaprasertNoppacharn, PanrongKrissana, TungjitviboonkunSongphol, DussadeeKulwara, DecharatanachartPakanat, KaveevorayanPeerapat, ShoosanglertwijitRossanun, WatanaboonyongcharoenPhandee, BunworasateUdomsak, RojnuckarinPonlapat

ChAdOx1 vaccine
ITP treatment
ChAdOx1 vaccination
ITP

This study reports three cases of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that developed within 6 weeks after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies were not detected in any of the cases, making vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia unlikely. The estimated risk of ITP after ChAdOx1 vaccination was at least one per 36,000 doses, which is similar to the risk after measles-mumps-rubella immunization.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

The rash with mucosal ulceration.

Author: CastroMaria Cristina Ribeiro de, Ramos-E-SilvaMarcia

Mucosal ulcers
Rash

This article discusses the importance of history and physical examination when diagnosing rashes, which can have various causes, including infectious, allergic, and rheumatologic. It highlights the diverse manifestations of rashes and focuses on those associated with mucosal ulcers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

NUMBER OF CASES OF VARICELLA AND HOSPITALIZATION IN A PEDIATRIC REFERENCE HOSPITAL IN BRAZIL AFTER INTRODUCING THE VACCINE.

Author: SilvaHenrique Botelho de Abreu E, PintoIsabella Cristina Tristão, RibeiroJosé Geraldo Leite, ResendeLeonardo Santos, CarvalhoLudymila Keren de, MaiaMarcelle Marie Martins, AraújoRoberto Ferreira de Almeida, DinizLilian Martins Oliveira

Reduced hospitalizations

The introduction of the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella combination vaccine in the public health system was associated with a significant reduction in varicella hospitalizations, from 543 in the pre-vaccine period to 287 in the post-vaccine period. The profile of hospitalizations remained similar in both periods.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Portuguese

10.

Epidemiology, etiology and clinical associations of congenital heart disease identified during congenital rubella syndrome surveillance.

Author: PriyankaPriyanka, VyasVaruna, DeoraSurender, NagVijaya Lakshmi, SinghKuldeep

CHD diagnosis
CRS contribution
Etiology unknown

This prospective observational study aimed to study the epidemiology, etiology and clinical associations of echocardiographically confirmed congenital heart disease in infants in Western Rajasthan enrolled in the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) surveillance project. It finds that CRS contributes to 8.5% of CHD. CRS is associated with a wide spectrum of CHD.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

A systematic review of maternal TORCH serology as a screen for suspected fetal infection.

Author: FitzpatrickDanielle, HolmesNatasha E, HuiLisa

Overdiagnosis

This review assessed the diagnostic yield of maternal TORCH serology in pregnancy following fetal ultrasound abnormalities. The TORCH panel was rarely associated with confirmed cases of congenital infection, except for CMV. This supports the recommendation to retire the TORCH acronym and minimize unnecessary testing.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

Apoptosis induction by the Therien and vaccine RA27/3 strains of rubella virus causes depletion of oligodendrocytes from rat neural cell cultures.

Author: DomeganLisa M, AtkinsGregory J

Neuropathogenesis

Rubella virus (RV) can cause cell death in oligodendrocytes, a type of brain cell, through a process called apoptosis. This finding may help explain how RV causes neurological damage.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia: three cases of immune thrombocytopenia after 107 720 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccination in Thailand.

Author: UaprasertNoppacharn, PanrongKrissana, TungjitviboonkunSongphol, DussadeeKulwara, DecharatanachartPakanat, KaveevorayanPeerapat, ShoosanglertwijitRossanun, WatanaboonyongcharoenPhandee, BunworasateUdomsak, RojnuckarinPonlapat

ChAdOx1 vaccine
ITP treatment
ChAdOx1 vaccination
ITP

This study reports three cases of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that developed within 6 weeks after receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies were not detected in any of the cases, making vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia unlikely. The estimated risk of ITP after ChAdOx1 vaccination was at least one per 36,000 doses, which is similar to the risk after measles-mumps-rubella immunization.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children: Immune Function and Vaccinations.

Author: SuttorpMeinolf, Webster CarrionAndrea, HijiyaNobuko

CML treatment
Immune dysfunction

This review provides an overview of the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on immune function in children with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The review discusses the implications of TKI treatment on immunizations and highlights the importance of routine immunizations for children with CML.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Identification of missed viruses by metagenomic sequencing of clinical respiratory samples from Kenya.

Author: PhanMy V T, AgotiCharles N, MunywokiPatrick K, OtienoGrieven P, NgamaMwanajuma, KellamPaul, CottenMatthew, NokesD James

Viral NGS diagnostics
Pneumonia

Viral next-generation sequencing (NGS) identified respiratory-associated viruses in a significant proportion of pneumonia patients and household contacts, highlighting the potential for NGS to improve pneumonia diagnostics and reveal locally important viral pathogens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Rubella virus, <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and <i>Treponema pallidum</i> congenital infections among full term delivered women in an urban area of Tanzania: a call for improved antenatal care.

Author: MiramboMariam M, MshanaStephen E, GroßUwe

Congenital rubella
Congenital syphilis

Congenital rubella and syphilis infections are common in Mwanza city, Tanzania.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Intracranial calcifications in childhood: Part 1.

Author: GonçalvesFabrício Guimarães, CascheraLuca, TeixeiraSara Reis, ViaeneAngela Nicole, PinelliLorenzo, MankadKshitij, AlvesCésar Augusto Pinheiro Ferreira, Ortiz-GonzalezXilma Rosa, AndronikouSavvas, VossoughArastoo

Early detection of calcification
Improved diagnosis
Intracranial calcification
Neurological complications

This article discusses the causes and characteristics of intracranial calcification in children. The article distinguishes between physiological and pathological calcification and provides a comprehensive neuroimaging approach for differential diagnosis. The article also highlights the importance of age at presentation and location of calcification in narrowing the differential diagnosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Vaccination With Live Attenuated Vaccines in Four Children With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia While on Imatinib Treatment.

Author: Bettoni da Cunha-RiehmClaudia, HildebrandVerena, NathrathMichaela, MetzlerMarkus, SuttorpMeinolf

Measles and varicella protection
Immunosuppression
Live vaccine contraindication

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of live vaccination in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib. While live vaccines can be safe, revaccination may be necessary due to potential immunosuppression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

24.

Seroprevalence of rubella in pregnant women in Southern Morocco.

Author: ZahirHanane, ArsalaneLamiae, ElghouatGhita, MouhibHanane, ElkamouniYoussef, ZouhairSaid

Prevention of congenital rubella
Congenital rubella syndrome

This study found that 84.7% of pregnant women in southern Morocco were seropositive for rubella. Vaccination awareness campaigns are essential to prevent congenital rubella syndrome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

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