Effects of sodium bicarbonate: A Synthesis of Findings from 14 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Sodium bicarbonate has been studied extensively for its effects on various physiological processes, including its ability to regulate acid-base balance, enhance athletic performance, and its use in medical treatments. 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 4 , 10 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 11 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 . In horses, tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate have shown similar alkalinizing abilities, with tromethamine causing a decrease in plasma sodium levels, while both increased carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid. 3 . Studies on humans have shown that sodium bicarbonate ingestion can improve performance in short-duration, high-intensity exercise by buffering intracellular acidity. 7 , 8 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 2 . However, the effects of sodium bicarbonate on athletic performance vary depending on the type and intensity of exercise, as well as individual factors.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to be effective in treating metabolic acidosis, particularly in medical settings. 3 , 9 , 1 , 14 . In athletic contexts, it can enhance performance in short-duration, high-intensity exercises by buffering muscle acidity. 7 , 8 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 2 .

Risks Summary

Sodium bicarbonate can cause side effects such as decreased plasma sodium levels and a drop in cerebrospinal fluid pH. 3 . Additionally, high doses can lead to gastrointestinal distress. 11 .

Comparison Across Studies

Similarities Across Studies

Numerous studies consistently highlight the alkalinizing effect of sodium bicarbonate, which can be observed in various contexts and populations. 3 , 9 , 1 , 14 .

Differences Across Studies

The influence of sodium bicarbonate on athletic performance is not uniform across studies. 7 , 8 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 2 . These variations can be attributed to differences in the type and intensity of exercise, dosage of sodium bicarbonate, and individual participant characteristics.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While sodium bicarbonate is commonly used in medical settings to treat metabolic acidosis, there's a degree of inconsistency in research regarding its effectiveness. 3 , 9 , 1 , 14 . This inconsistency may stem from our incomplete understanding of how sodium bicarbonate interacts with the body. Furthermore, high-dose sodium bicarbonate can trigger gastrointestinal side effects. 11 . As a result, it's crucial to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits before using sodium bicarbonate.

Considerations for Real-World Application

Sodium bicarbonate is a valuable treatment for metabolic acidosis, but the efficacy and safety of its use can vary. 3 , 9 , 1 , 14 . Additionally, high doses can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. 11 . Therefore, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on its use.

Limitations of Current Research

The long-term effects of sodium bicarbonate remain largely unexplored. Furthermore, we lack a complete understanding of how sodium bicarbonate interacts within the body, necessitating further investigation.

Directions for Future Research

Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the long-term consequences of sodium bicarbonate use. Additionally, detailed research into the mechanisms of its action within the body is crucial to refine its applications and optimize its safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion

Sodium bicarbonate has shown both benefits and risks. It can be effective in treating metabolic acidosis and improving athletic performance in certain contexts, but can also lead to side effects like decreased sodium levels and gastrointestinal distress. 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 4 , 10 , 1 , 5 , 2 , 11 . Therefore, its use should be guided by healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective application. Further research is needed to address the limitations of current knowledge and develop optimized strategies for utilizing sodium bicarbonate in various contexts.

Literature analysis of 14 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
12
2
0
1
14
1.

Safety of low-dose intraoperative bicarbonate therapy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia (SPI) Research Group.

Author: MarkN H, LeungJ M, ArieffA I, ManganoD T

Safe for metabolic acidosis
None mentioned

Sodium bicarbonate is often used to treat metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by low blood pH. However, previous studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate may not be effective in treating acidosis accompanied by low blood oxygen levels. This study aimed to determine the safety and effects of low-dose sodium bicarbonate in patients experiencing metabolic acidosis during surgery without low oxygen levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

The effects of equivalent doses of tromethamine or sodium bicarbonate in healthy horses.

Author: PedrickT P, MoonP F, LuddersJ W, ErbH N, GleedR D

Metabolic alkalinization
CSF acidosis
Hypercarbia
Hyponatremia

Tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate have similar alkalinizing abilities in horses. However, tromethamine causes hyponatremia and increases carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and CSF, which may limit its practical advantages.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Acute versus chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and anaerobic work and power output.

Author: Mc NaughtonL, ThompsonD

Improves work output

Ingesting sodium bicarbonate daily for six days improved performance in high-intensity cycling compared to a single acute dose. This effect was still present two days after stopping the daily doses.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of ingestion of bicarbonate, citrate, lactate, and chloride on sprint running.

Author: Van MontfoortMarije C E, Van DierenLotte, HopkinsWilliam G, ShearmanJeremy P

Enhanced sprint performance

This study compared the effects of different substances on sprint performance. It found that sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium lactate all improved sprinting compared to a placebo, potentially by buffering acidity in the body.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Effects of rapid versus slow infusion of sodium bicarbonate on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in preterm infants.

Author: van Alfen-van der VeldenA A E M, HopmanJ C W, KlaessensJ H G M, FeuthT, SengersR C A, LiemK D

Improved cerebral blood oxygenation

Slow infusion of sodium bicarbonate is preferable to rapid injection to minimize fluctuations in cerebral hemodynamics in preterm infants with metabolic acidosis.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Dose-related effects of prolonged NaHCO3 ingestion during high-intensity exercise.

Author: DouroudosIoannis I, FatourosIoannis G, GourgoulisVassilios, JamurtasAthanasios Z, TsitsiosTilemaxos, HatzinikolaouAthanasios, MargonisKonstantinos, MavromatidisKontantinos, TaxildarisKiriakos

Performance enhancement

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion was found to influence acid-base balance and performance during high-intensity exercise after 5 days of supplementation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Effects of various sodium bicarbonate loading protocols on the time-dependent extracellular buffering profile.

Author: SieglerJason C, MidgleyAdrian W, PolmanRemco C J, LeverRobert

Enhanced exercise performance

This study investigated the optimal dosage and timing of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion to enhance exercise performance. The study found that single doses of 0.2 g/kg and 0.3 g/kg were most effective in increasing blood buffering capacity, with the 0.2 g/kg dose best taken 40-50 minutes before exercise and the 0.3 g/kg dose best taken 60 minutes before exercise.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Comparison of the effects of intravenous administration of isotonic and hypertonic sodium bicarbonate solutions on venous acid-base status in dehydrated calves with strong ion acidosis.

Author: CoskunAlparslan, SenIsmail, GuzelbektesHasan, OkMahmut, TurgutKursat, CanikliSebnem

Improved acid-base status

This study found that intravenous administration of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution was effective in improving acid-base abnormalities in dehydrated calves with severe metabolic acidosis, but it did not improve hydration status as well as administration of a larger volume of isotonic sodium bicarbonate solution.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis.

Author: CarrAmelia J, HopkinsWill G, GoreChristopher J

Performance enhancement
Gastrointestinal symptoms

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion may improve performance in high-intensity races of short duration, but sodium citrate and ammonium chloride may have unclear or negative effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Acute sodium bicarbonate loading has negligible effects on resting and exercise blood pressure but causes gastrointestinal distress.

Author: KahleLaura E, KellyPatrick V, EliotKathrin A, WeissEdward P

Ergogenic effects on exercise
Gastrointestinal distress
Higher heart rate
Hypertension

This study investigated the effects of sodium bicarbonate loading on blood pressure and gastrointestinal distress in endurance-trained individuals. The results showed that bicarbonate loading did not affect resting or exercise blood pressure but did cause significant gastrointestinal distress.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Randomized Trial of Bicarbonate or Saline Study for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with CKD.

Author: SolomonRichard, GordonPaul, ManoukianSteven V, AbbottJ Dawn, KereiakesDean J, JeremiasAllen, KimMichael, DauermanHarold L,

Kidney function loss

A prospective, double-blind, multicenter randomized clinical trial of 391 patients with an eGFR<45 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) undergoing elective coronary or peripheral angiography showed that high-dose sodium bicarbonate infusion did not demonstrate a difference in incidence of death, dialysis, or sustained 6-month reduction in eGFR or contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) compared with sodium chloride.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

The effects of a novel bicarbonate loading protocol on serum bicarbonate concentration: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: MarcusAdam, RossiAmerigo, CornwellAndrew, HawkinsSteven A, KhodiguianNazareth

Exercise performance enhancement
Gastrointestinal distress

This study evaluated whether a modified sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion protocol would elevate serum bicarbonate concentration more than previous methods without causing gastrointestinal distress.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Comparison potassium sodium hydrogen citrate with sodium bicarbonate in urine alkalization: a prospective crossover-controlled trial.

Author: XueWen, ChengJiafen, ZhaoJing, WangLing, PengAi, LiuXinying

Nephrolithiasis

This study compared the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and potassium sodium hydrogen citrate (PSHC) for urinary alkalization in healthy Chinese participants. Both medications effectively increased urine pH, but PSHC had a less significant impact on the circadian rhythm of urine pH.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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