Side Effects of temozolomide: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Temozolomide is a drug used to treat glioblastoma (GBM), but many studies have reported side effects. These studies provide detailed information about the types, causes, and management of temozolomide side effects. 16 , 25 , 19 , 22

Reasons for Side Effects

Temozolomide is an alkylating agent that binds to DNA to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This action inhibits the growth of cancer cells, but it can also damage normal cells and cause side effects. Side effects vary depending on the dosage of temozolomide, the patient's health condition, and genetic factors. 25 , 19 , 22 , 3

Common Side Effects

Nausea and Vomiting

One of the most common side effects of temozolomide is nausea and vomiting. This is thought to be because temozolomide stimulates the nerves in the digestive system. 25 , 19

Myelosuppression

Temozolomide can damage bone marrow cells. As a result, the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets may decrease, increasing the risk of infection, anemia, and bleeding. 19 , 18

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Temozolomide can also cause side effects in the digestive system. This is thought to be because temozolomide damages the lining of the stomach and intestines. Gastrointestinal side effects include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. 19 , 22

Neurological Side Effects

Temozolomide can also cause side effects in the nervous system. This is thought to be because temozolomide damages brain cells. Neurological side effects include headache, dizziness, seizures, and cognitive impairment. 3

Other Side Effects

Temozolomide can also cause other side effects such as fatigue, rash, hair loss, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction. 25 , 19 , 18

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Nausea and Vomiting

Countermeasures for nausea and vomiting include administration of antiemetics and dietary therapy. 25 , 19

Myelosuppression

Countermeasures for myelosuppression include administration of hematopoietic factors (drugs that promote white blood cell production). 19 , 18

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Countermeasures for gastrointestinal side effects include dietary therapy, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, and administration of probiotics. 19 , 22

Neurological Side Effects

Countermeasures for neurological side effects include administration of anticonvulsants. 3

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities Between Studies

Many studies have reported nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, gastrointestinal side effects, and neurological side effects as side effects of temozolomide. 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Differences Between Studies

The frequency and severity of side effects vary depending on the study. This is thought to be due to differences in the patient population studied and the dosage of temozolomide. 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Precautions Regarding Real-Life Applications

Temozolomide is an effective drug for treating glioblastoma, but it also carries the risk of side effects. Temozolomide side effects vary from person to person. Take temozolomide as directed by your doctor and consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects. 16 , 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of temozolomide. Further research is needed. 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Future Research Directions

New treatments and preventive measures are needed to reduce the side effects of temozolomide. Research to elucidate the mechanisms by which temozolomide side effects occur is also important. 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Conclusion

Temozolomide is an effective drug for treating glioblastoma, but it also carries the risk of side effects. Temozolomide side effects vary from person to person. Take temozolomide as directed by your doctor and consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects. Development of new treatments and preventive measures to reduce temozolomide side effects is expected. 16 , 25 , 19 , 22 , 18 , 3

Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
0
0
0
8
26
2.

Enhancing glioblastoma treatment through the integration of tumor-treating fields.

Author: SzklenerKatarzyna, BilskiMateusz, NieoczymKarolina, MańdziukDominika, MańdziukSławomir

Improved survival
Minimal side effects
Reduced tumor growth
Skin irritation

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are a non-invasive therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) that works by disrupting cell division. This review highlights the potential of TTFields in combination with other treatments, including chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. TTFields have minimal side effects, making them a promising addition to a multi-modal approach for GBM treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Temozolomide and flavonoids against glioma: from absorption and metabolism to exosomal delivery.

Author: VermaPriyanka, JoshiHemant, SinghTejveer, SharmaBunty, SharmaUjjawal, RamniwasSeema, RanaRashmi, GuptaMadhu, KaurGinpreet, TuliHardeep Singh

Glioblastoma treatment
Reduced chemotherapy side effects

Temozolomide is a chemotherapy drug used for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. This review discusses the potential of using exosomes to deliver temozolomide and flavonoids to target glioblastoma cells, aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Autophagy Inhibition with Chloroquine Increased Pro-Apoptotic Potential of New Aziridine-Hydrazide Hydrazone Derivatives against Glioblastoma Cells.

Author: Witusik-PerkowskaMonika, GłowackaPola, PieczonkaAdam M, ŚwiderskaEwa, PudlarzAgnieszka, RachwalskiMichał, SzymańskaJulia, ZakrzewskaMagdalena, JaskólskiDariusz J, SzemrajJanusz

Glioblastoma treatment
Autophagy induction

New aziridine-hydrazide hydrazone derivatives have shown promising anti-glioblastoma activity in vitro. However, their cytotoxic effects were partially blocked by treatment-induced autophagy. The combination of these derivatives with an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, significantly increased apoptosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Strategies increasing the effectiveness of temozolomide at various levels of anti-GBL therapy.

Author: KrajcerAleksandra, GrzywnaEwelina, Lewandowska-ŁańcuckaJoanna

GBL treatment
Temozolomide side effects

Temozolomide is the current first-line chemotherapy for glioblastoma (GBL), but its effectiveness is limited by systemic side effects. This review explores recent developments in nano/biomaterials-based systems for temozolomide delivery, focusing on strategies to improve blood-brain-barrier crossing and tumor targeting, reduce side effects, and enhance treatment efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Disruption of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Circuits with Cinnamaldehyde Highlights Potential Targets with Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies.

Author: SrivastavaShraddha, PatilKetki, ThompsonElizabeth W, NakhaiShadi A, KimYoo Na, HaynesCasey, BryantCrystal, PaiS Balakrishna

GBM treatment

This study investigated the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines. The study found that CA exhibited equal potency in inhibiting GBM cells at both the cellular and molecular level, resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increase in the apoptotic and multicaspase cell populations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Exosomes released from U87 glioma cells treated with curcumin and/or temozolomide produce apoptosis in naive U87 cells.

Author: MousaviSeyed Mojtaba, HosseindoostSaereh, MahdianSeyed Mohammad Amin, VousooghiNasim, RajabiAli, JafariAmeneh, OstadianAmirreza, HamblinMichael R, HadjighassemMahmoudReza, MirzaeiHamed

Glioblastoma treatment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor. This study investigated the therapeutic benefits of exosomes generated by U87 cells treated with curcumin and/or temozolomide. The results showed that exosomes released from drug-treated U87 cells could be a new therapeutic approach in glioblastoma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Highlighted Advances in Therapies for Difficult-To-Treat Brain Tumours Such as Glioblastoma.

Author: CruzNuno, Herculano-CarvalhoManuel, RoqueDiogo, FariaCláudia C, CascãoRita, FerreiraHugo Alexandre, ReisCatarina Pinto, MatelaNuno

Treats glioblastoma
Blood-brain barrier

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a challenging brain tumor with limited treatment options. This review summarizes current treatment approaches, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and nanotechnological drug delivery systems. Despite advancements, GBM remains a difficult disease to manage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Radiotherapy, lymphopenia and improving the outcome for glioblastoma: a narrative review.

Author: KutCarmen, KleinbergLawrence

Reduced intracranial pressure
Tumor removal
Lymphopenia

This abstract describes the standard treatment for glioblastoma and the severe treatment-related lymphopenia that can persist beyond the duration of therapy.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Purinergic approach to effective glioma treatment with temozolomide reveals enhanced anti-cancer effects mediated by P2X7 receptor.

Author: SzymczakBartosz, CzarneckaJoanna, CzachSylwia, NowakWiesław, RoszekKatarzyna

Anti-cancer activity

This study investigated the interplay between purinergic signaling and temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapy drug, in human glioma cells. The findings suggest that the combination of ATP and TMZ may be more effective in treating glioma cells, potentially leading to shorter treatment durations and reduced side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Individualized medical treatment options in Cushing disease.

Author: Gilis-JanuszewskaAleksandra, BogusławskaAnna, RzepkaEwelina, ZiajaWitold, Hubalewska-DydejczykAlicja

CD treatment
Medical therapy options

This article describes currently available medical therapies for Cushing disease (CD), a serious endocrine disorder caused by excessive ACTH production. The article provides an overview of treatment options, including surgery and medical therapies targeting different pathways involved in CD, and highlights the importance of individualized treatment plans based on patient characteristics and disease severity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

The efficacy and safety of low-dose temozolomide maintenance therapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma: a retrospective cohort study.

Author: TaoQingsong, ZhuTing, GeXiaoqin, GongShengping, GuoJianxin

Improved survival
Unknown

This study investigates the efficacy and safety of low-dose temozolomide (TMZ) maintenance therapy in elderly patients with glioblastoma after receiving the standard STUPP regimen.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Applications of Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: A New Frontier.

Author: HershAndrew M, BhimreddyMeghana, Weber-LevineCarly, JiangKelly, AlomariSafwan, TheodoreNicholas, ManbachiAmir, TylerBetty M

BBB opening
GBM treatment
Tumor ablation

This review examines the potential applications of focused ultrasound (FUS) in treating glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive brain tumor. FUS can be used to transiently open the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for drug delivery, perform tumor ablation through hyperthermia, stimulate immune responses, and sensitize tumors to radiation therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Postmortem study of organ-specific toxicity in glioblastoma patients treated with a combination of temozolomide, irinotecan and bevacizumab.

Author: LuGuangrong, ZhuPing, RaoMayank, LinendollNadine, BujaL Maximilian, BhattacharjeeMeenakshi B, BrownRobert E, BallesterLeomar Y, TianXuejun, PilichowskaMonika, WuJulian K, HergenroederGeorgene W, GlassWilliams F, ChenLei, ZhangRongzhen, PillaiAnil K, HunterRobert L, ZhuJay-Jiguang

Hypertension
Myelosuppression
Proteinuria

Chemotherapy combinations like TMZ, BEV, and IRI are used to treat high-grade gliomas, including glioblastoma. While patients generally tolerate these regimens well, post-mortem studies are needed to assess organ-specific toxicities from these chemotherapy agents.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Managing Side Effects of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients With High Grade Gliomas.

Author: HaHyerim, LimJoo Han

Glioma treatment
Toxicity management
Gastrointestinal toxicity
Nausea
Thrombocytopenia
Vomiting

This review discusses how to manage side effects from cytotoxic chemotherapy, a common cancer treatment. It focuses on managing gastrointestinal issues, nausea and vomiting, and low platelet counts in patients with high-grade brain tumors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Association between microRNAs 10b/21/34a and acute toxicity in glioblastoma patients treated with radiotherapy and temozolomide.

Author: StepanovićAleksandar, NikitovićMarina, StanojkovićTatjana P, GrujičićDanica, BukumirićZoran, SrbljakIvana, IlićRosanda, MiloševićSnežana, ArsenijevićTatjana, PetrovićNina

GB toxicity prediction

This study investigated the relationship between microRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of glioblastoma patients and radiotoxicity. Levels of miR-10b, miR-21, and miR-34a were significantly associated with toxicity grade and may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for toxicity in glioblastoma patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Enriched Lipid Fingerprint of Glioblastoma Proliferative Regions Is Differentially Regulated According to Glioblastoma Molecular Subtype.

Author: Maimó-BarcelóAlbert, Martín-SaizLucía, FernándezJosé A, Pérez-RomeroKarim, Garfias-ArjonaSantiago, Lara-AlmúniaMónica, Piérola-LopeteguiJavier, Bestard-EscalasJoan, Barceló-CoblijnGwendolyn

GBM treatment
TMZ side effect mitigation

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor with limited treatment options. Temozolomide (TMZ), the standard treatment, has significant side effects. This study found that TMZ alters bioactive lipids in healthy brain tissue, suggesting potential for future therapeutic approaches to mitigate side effects and improve treatment outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

The Emesis Trial: Depressive Glioma Patients Are More Affected by Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting.

Author: DufnerVera, KesslerAlmuth Friederike, JustLarissa, HauPeter, BumesElisabeth, PelsHendrik Johannes, GrauerOliver Martin, WieseBettina, LöhrMario, JordanKarin, StrikHerwig

Depression
Emesis
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Quality of life impact

This pilot study investigated how chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) affects the patients' levels of depression and their quality of life. CINV negatively impacts the patients' levels of depression and their quality of life.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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