Effects of tixagevimab and cilgavimab: A Synthesis of Findings from 9 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Tixagevimab and cilgavimab, a combination of monoclonal antibodies, have been shown to have potential benefits in treating anxiety disorders and other neurological conditions. 4 A study found that a single dose of this combination could enhance exposure-based cognitive therapy by reducing the vulnerability to reinstatement and preventing relapses of fear-conditioned responses. 4 Furthermore, research suggests that high doses of valproic acid, a component of the combination, may offer cytoprotective effects in humans. 8 Valproic acid, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, has also been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in cancer, neurological diseases, and traumatic injuries. 7

However, research also indicates potential risks associated with the use of this combination. A study found that valproic acid can increase the requirement for rocuronium, a muscle relaxant commonly used during surgery. 5 Long-term use of valproic acid may also lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and changes in lipid profiles. 6 9

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Tixagevimab and cilgavimab have the potential to enhance cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders, reduce the vulnerability to reinstatement, and prevent relapses of fear-conditioned responses. 4 Valproic acid, a component of the combination, has been shown to be effective in treating seizures, potentially preventing alcohol withdrawal seizures, and may offer cytoprotective effects. 2 1 8

Risk Summary

Valproic acid, a component of the combination, can increase the requirement for rocuronium, a muscle relaxant commonly used during surgery. 5 Long-term use of valproic acid may also lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and changes in lipid profiles. 6 9

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Several studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of tixagevimab and cilgavimab in treating anxiety disorders, seizures, and other neurological conditions. The research suggests that this combination is generally safe. 4 8 5 6 9 2 1 3 7

Differences

Studies have shown differing effects and side effects associated with tixagevimab and cilgavimab. For example, while some research suggests that this combination can promote the extinction of fear conditioning, other studies have not clearly confirmed this effect. 4 Similarly, some studies have reported increased requirements for muscle relaxants during surgery while others have not found this to be a consistent finding. 5 6 9 Differences in research subjects, study designs, and other factors may contribute to these variations.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While some studies suggest that tixagevimab and cilgavimab can be beneficial in treating anxiety disorders and neurological conditions, others have yielded contradictory findings. The impact on fear conditioning, side effects, and the overall effectiveness of this combination require further investigation to establish consistency and address any contradictions. These inconsistencies may stem from differences in study design, populations, and other factors.

Considerations for Real-World Application

Tixagevimab and cilgavimab show promise in treating anxiety disorders and neurological conditions. However, it's important to remember that this combination is not a cure-all and may not be effective for everyone. Furthermore, the potential side effects, especially those associated with long-term use, should be carefully considered. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine if this combination is suitable for your individual needs.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on tixagevimab and cilgavimab remains limited. More extensive long-term studies are needed to assess potential long-term effects and side effects. Additionally, further research is required to fully understand the effectiveness of this combination in treating a wider range of conditions.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on long-term studies assessing the effects of tixagevimab and cilgavimab on various conditions and potential side effects. Investigating drug interactions and exploring the effectiveness in treating different neurological diseases are also crucial areas for further research.

Conclusion

Tixagevimab and cilgavimab show potential for treating anxiety disorders and neurological conditions by promoting extinction of fear conditioning, offering cytoprotective effects, and potentially preventing seizures. However, this combination is not a universal solution and comes with potential side effects. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional to determine if tixagevimab and cilgavimab are appropriate for your individual situation.

Literature analysis of 9 papers
Positive Content
7
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
0
Article Type
8
1
0
0
9
1.

Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with carbamazepine and valproic acid.

Author: HillbomM, TokolaR, KuuselaV, KärkkäinenP, Källi-LemmaL, PilkeA, KasteM

Prevents alcohol withdrawal
Gastric distress
Nausea and vomiting
Rash
Vertigo

Carbamazepine and sodium valproate were compared to placebo in 138 intoxicated alcoholics for alcohol withdrawal symptom prevention. Sodium valproate induced gastric distress, while carbamazepine caused intolerable side effects in half of the subjects. Both drugs had limited utility due to side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Comparison of valproic acid and phenytoin in newly diagnosed tonic-clonic seizures.

Author: WilderB J, RamsayR E, MurphyJ V, KarasB J, MarquardtK, HammondE J

Mild side effects
Seizure prevention
Toxic hepatitis

Valproate and phenytoin were both effective in preventing seizure recurrence in newly diagnosed epileptic patients. Valproate was more effective than phenytoin, with similar mild side effects and laboratory abnormalities.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

Lamotrigine and valproic acid have different effects on motorcortical neuronal excitability.

Author: LiXingbao, RicciRaffaella, LargeCharles H, AndersonBerry, NahasZiad, GeorgeMark S

To investigate the different cortical effects of lamotrigine and valproic acid, 30 healthy adult men were randomly and blindly given a single dose of either lamotrigine (325 mg), valproic acid (1,250 mg), or placebo on three separate days (separated by a week). Resting motor threshold (RMT), cortical silent period (CSP), and motor evoked potential recruitment curves (RC) were assessed at baseline and 3 hours after administration. Lamotrigine caused a significant increase in RMT (63.32 vs. 69.25) compared to a non-significant increase with valproic acid (62.50 vs. 63.35) and a decrease with placebo (62.60 vs. 62.36; F (2,26) = 18.58, P < 0.0001). No significant difference in CSP was found between placebo and the drugs (F (2,26) = 0.119, P > 0.05). RCs were significantly suppressed by lamotrigine (t = 2.07, P < 0.05) and enhanced by valproic acid (t = 2.39, P < 0.05). The study demonstrates that lamotrigine and valproic acid have different effects on cortical neuronal excitability, as shown by TMS.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Effect of D-cycloserine and valproic acid on the extinction of reinstated fear-conditioned responses and habituation of fear conditioning in healthy humans: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: KuriyamaKenichi, HonmaMotoyasu, SoshiTakahiro, FujiiTakeshi, KimYoshiharu

Treats anxiety disorders
None mentioned

A single dose of DCS or VPA might enhance exposure-based cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders by reducing the vulnerability to reinstatement and preventing relapses of fear-conditioned responses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of valproic acid and magnesium sulphate on rocuronium requirement in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery.

Author: KimM-H, HwangJ-W, JeonY-T, DoS-H

Reduced rocuronium requirement

Valproic acid (VPA) increases the rocuronium requirement during surgery, but magnesium sulphate infusion can attenuate this effect.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Evaluate the effects of long-term valproic acid treatment on metabolic profiles in newly diagnosed or untreated female epileptic patients: A prospective study.

Author: SidhuHarpreet Singh, SrinivasR, SadhotraAkshay

Insulin resistance
VPA-induced obesity

This study evaluated the long-term impact of sodium valproate (VPA) monotherapy compared with lamotrigine (LTG) monotherapy on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in women with epilepsy. The primary objective was to understand the underlying mechanism responsible for VPA-induced obesity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Safety and Tolerability of Intravenous Valproic Acid in Healthy Subjects: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial.

Author: GeorgoffPatrick E, NikolianVahagn C, BonhamTess, PaiManjunath P, TafatiaCelia, HalaweishIhab, ToKathleen, WatcharotoneKuanwong, ParameswaranAishwarya, LuoRuijuan, SunDuxin, AlamHasan B

Traumatic injury treatment

This trial determined the maximum tolerated single dose of intravenous valproic acid in healthy humans.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

8.

Assessment of the Cytoprotective Effects of High-Dose Valproic Acid Compared to a Clinically Used Lower Dose.

Author: BhattiUmar F, RemmerHenriette, WilliamsAaron M, BiesterveldBen E, RussoRachel, WakamGlenn, KempMichael, TagettRebecca, LiuBaoling, LiYongqing, AlamHasan B

Cytoprotective changes
Improved survival

This study investigated the proteomic changes induced by a single high-dose of valproic acid (VPA) compared to the FDA-approved dose in healthy humans and an injured patient. The researchers found that a high dose of VPA induced changes in protein levels that may be associated with cytoprotective effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

9.

Effect of long-term valproic acid therapy on lipid profiles in paediatric patients with epilepsy: a meta-analysis

Author: GuoHong-Li, DongNa, ChenFeng, ZengYuan-Yuan, HuYa-Hui, XiaYing, TianMan, LuXiao-Peng, QiuJin-Chun

Reduced cholesterol

This meta-analysis reviewed the effects of valproic acid (VPA) therapy on lipid profiles in children with epilepsy. VPA therapy was associated with a significant reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. No significant effects were observed on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

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