Effects of zanamivir oral inhalation: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Multiple studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of inhaled zanamivir in treating influenza. 3 showed that inhaled zanamivir, compared to placebo, significantly reduced the time to alleviation of influenza symptoms and viral load in military conscripts. 17 highlighted the effectiveness of inhaled zanamivir in high-risk patients, particularly those with advanced age or chronic medical conditions, leading to a shorter time to alleviation of influenza symptoms, especially in patients with severe symptoms. Furthermore, 8 reported that inhaled zanamivir was effective in preventing severe influenza and mortality in leukemia patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. These findings underscore the potential of inhaled zanamivir as a valuable tool for managing influenza infection.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Research consistently indicates that inhaled zanamivir is an effective treatment and preventive measure against influenza. 3 , 17 , and 8 demonstrate its ability to reduce the time to symptom alleviation and viral load. 17 emphasizes its particular benefit for high-risk groups, including those with advanced age or underlying chronic conditions. The 8 study highlights its potential for preventing severe influenza in high-risk populations like leukemia patients. These findings solidify inhaled zanamivir as a valuable treatment and preventative option for influenza.

Risk Summary

The risks associated with inhaled zanamivir are generally considered low. However, 18 reports that inhaled zanamivir has a higher rate of influenza-like symptom-related side effects compared to placebo, although most were mild and did not cause withdrawal from studies. 2 advises caution when using inhaled zanamivir in patients with asthma, as the medication could potentially worsen airway inflammation. These risks emphasize the need for consultation with a healthcare professional before using inhaled zanamivir and following their recommendations.

Comparison Across Studies

Research Similarities

Multiple studies agree on the effectiveness of inhaled zanamivir in treating and preventing influenza. 3 , 17 , and 8 all demonstrate its ability to reduce symptom duration and viral load. This consistent evidence confirms inhaled zanamivir's value in managing influenza infection.

Research Differences

The patient populations and research designs varied across the studies, requiring careful interpretation of the findings. 3 focused on military conscripts, whereas 17 targeted high-risk patients, including those with advanced age and chronic conditions. 13 focused on patients in long-term care facilities, and 8 investigated leukemia patients and stem cell transplant recipients. These variations in populations highlight the importance of considering the specific context of each study when interpreting results.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

The research consistently demonstrates the effectiveness of inhaled zanamivir in treating and preventing influenza. However, 18 reports a higher incidence of influenza-like symptoms among those taking inhaled zanamivir compared to placebo. This finding underlines the existence of potential side effects and the need for vigilance.

Practical Implications and Cautions

Multiple studies support the effectiveness of inhaled zanamivir in treating and preventing influenza. However, 18 reports higher rates of influenza-like symptoms among those taking inhaled zanamivir compared to placebo. Before using inhaled zanamivir, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional to ensure safe and effective use.

Limitations of Current Research

While extensive research exists on inhaled zanamivir, certain limitations exist. Many studies involve relatively small sample sizes, requiring careful generalization of results. The diverse research designs make direct comparisons challenging. Moreover, a lack of comprehensive data exists on the long-term effects of inhaled zanamivir. To overcome these limitations, further research is necessary to comprehensively assess the safety and efficacy of inhaled zanamivir.

Future Research Directions

Ongoing research continues to explore the effects of inhaled zanamivir. Future studies should incorporate larger sample sizes to enhance the robustness of the findings. Continued investigation into the long-term effects of inhaled zanamivir is essential. Additionally, further investigation into the potential benefits of combining inhaled zanamivir with other influenza treatments is needed. Through these efforts, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the safety and efficacy of inhaled zanamivir and contribute to improved influenza management.

Conclusion

Inhaled zanamivir has emerged as a valuable tool for managing influenza, demonstrating effectiveness in treating and preventing the infection. However, it is important to acknowledge potential side effects. Consultation with a healthcare professional is essential before using inhaled zanamivir to ensure safe and effective use. Continued research is necessary to further clarify the long-term effects, explore potential combinations with other treatments, and ultimately contribute to more effective influenza management strategies.

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
4
2
4
12
20
1.

Effects of inflammation on voriconazole levels: A systematic review.

Author: LiXuejuan, LaiFangyuan, JiangZhaohui, LiMeng, ChenZebin, ChengJunjie, CuiHao, WenFeiqiu

Increased VRZ levels

The inflammatory state can significantly affect voriconazole (VRZ) levels, with higher levels of inflammation leading to lower VRZ concentrations. Clinicians dosing VRZ should take into account the patient’s inflammatory state.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

[Neuraminidase inhibitors in therapy of influenza].

Author: FladererP, WenischC

Influenza treatment

Zanamivir and oseltamivir are neuraminidase inhibitors that can reduce the severity and duration of influenza illness.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

3.

Zanamivir: a significant reduction in viral load during treatment in military conscripts with influenza.

Author: PuhakkaTuomo, LehtiHeikki, VainionpääRaija, JormanainenVesa, PulkkinenMarkku, SharpStephen, KerrCaron, DempseyMaria, RingChristopher Ja, WardChantelle, TisdaleMargaret

Antiviral activity
Influenza treatment

Inhaled zanamivir rapidly reduced viral load and was well tolerated in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous zanamivir.

Author: CassL M, EfthymiopoulosC, MarshJ, ByeA

Well tolerated
Increased drug exposure

This study found that zanamivir was well-tolerated in individuals with renal impairment. Renal dysfunction significantly impacted zanamivir pharmacokinetics, with increased drug exposure in individuals with severe renal impairment. However, no dosage adjustment is required for orally inhaled zanamivir due to its limited systemic absorption.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Safety and efficacy of once daily intranasal zanamivir in preventing experimental human influenza A infection.

Author: CalfeeD P, PengA W, HusseyE K, LoboM, HaydenF G

Influenza A protection

Two studies were conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics and protective efficacy of a reduced frequency dosing regimen of topical zanamivir. In the first study, nasal wash concentrations were 50-fold higher after intranasal dosing than after inhalation. In the double-blinded efficacy study, decreases in viral shedding occurred in the group receiving one dose of zanamivir 4 h prior to inoculation. The efficacy of a single dose of zanamivir given 4 h prior to inoculation supports the hypothesis that influenza virus neuraminidase is essential for initial virus spread through respiratory secretions. These findings indicate that once daily dosing of zanamivir is protective against experimental influenza A infection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Intravenous Zanamivir in Healthy Adults and Hospitalized Adult and Pediatric Subjects With Influenza.

Author: ZuoPeiying, CollinsJon, OkourMalek, BarthAline, ShortinoDenise, YatesPhillip, RobertsGrace, WatsonHelen A, PeppercornAmanda, HossainMohammad

Influenza treatment
None

This abstract describes the population pharmacokinetic model for zanamivir, highlighting the need for b.i.d. dosing to maintain exposure above the 90% inhibitory concentration values for recently circulating influenza viruses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults.

Author: JeffersonTom, JonesMark, DoshiPeter, Del MarChris, DooleyLiz, FoxleeRuth

Oseltamivir effective influenza
Oseltamivir nausea

Numerous inconsistencies detected in the available evidence, followed by an inability to adequately access the data, has undermined confidence in our previous conclusions for oseltamivir. Independent RCTs to resolve these uncertainties are needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Antivirals for influenza: strategies for use in pediatrics.

Author: SmithSteven M, GumsJohn G

Influenza treatment
Reduced bacterial infections
Drug resistance
Neuropsychiatric events

Influenza infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children. While vaccination is recommended, its efficacy is reduced in children. Antiviral therapies, particularly neuraminidase inhibitors, are effective treatment options. However, emerging resistance and potential neuropsychiatric side effects are concerns.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults.

Author: JeffersonT O, DemicheliV, Di PietrantonjC, JonesM, RivettiD

Prevented lower respiratory tract complications
Reduced influenza symptoms
Nausea

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) are not effective for routine seasonal influenza control, but may be useful in serious epidemics or pandemics in combination with other public health measures.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors.

Author: GubarevaL V, KaiserL, HaydenF G

Antiviral spectrum
Chemoprophylaxis
Influenza treatment
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Resistance

Neuraminidase inhibitors, such as zanamivir and oseltamivir, are effective treatments for influenza A and B viruses. They are well-tolerated and have a broader antiviral spectrum than amantadine and rimantadine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Utility of zanamivir for chemoprophylaxis of concomitant influenza A and B in a complex continuing care population.

Author: HirjiZ, O'GradyS, BonhamJ, MakM, Takata-ShewchukJ, HawkinsK, GardamM, LawL, MazzulliT, ConlyJ

Influenza prevention

Zanamivir can be used safely and effectively as a prophylactic agent in the management of influenza outbreaks in a complex continuing care population. The efficacy for preventing symptomatic infection was 82% and 91% based on historical and contemporaneous controls, respectively.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of orally inhaled zanamivir: a randomized study comparing Rotacap/Rotahaler and Rotadisk/Diskhaler in healthy adults.

Author: WellerStephen, JonesLori S, LouYu, PiscitelliStephen, PeppercornAmanda, Ng-CashinJudith

Increased treatment courses
Nasal congestion

The Rotacap/Rotahaler presentation of zanamivir was found to be safe and to deliver similar zanamivir concentrations to the Rotadisk/Diskhaler presentation. This suggests that the Rotacap/Rotahaler presentation could be used to increase the number of zanamivir treatment courses available in the event of an influenza pandemic.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Efficacy and safety of zanamivir in patients with influenza--impact of age, severity of infections and specific risk factors.

Author: HöffkenGert, GillissenAdrian

Influenza Treatment
Reduced Hospitalization

Zanamivir is an antiviral drug used to treat influenza. It works by reducing the time it takes for influenza symptoms to improve. It is especially effective in patients who are at higher risk for complications from influenza, such as older adults and people with chronic health conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Zanamivir: a review of clinical safety.

Author: FreundB, GravensteinS, ElliottM, MillerI

Influenza treatment

Zanamivir, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the influenza A and B virus neuraminidase, has an impressive safety profile. Zanamivir was administered in various dose forms and frequencies and was found to have a comparable safety profile with placebo when given for both the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza-like illness. Less than 1% of zanamivir and placebo recipients reported a serious adverse event.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Antivirals for influenza in healthy adults: systematic review.

Author: JeffersonT, DemicheliV, RivettiD, JonesM, Di PietrantonjC, RivettiA

Prevents complications
Prevents influenza
Shortens fever duration
Hallucinations
Insomnia
Nausea
Withdrawals

Amantadine and rimantadine should be discouraged. Neuraminidase inhibitors should not be used in seasonal influenza control and should only be used in a serious epidemic or pandemic.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

20.

Postexposure prophylaxis for influenza in pediatric wards oseltamivir or zanamivir after rapid antigen detection.

Author: ShinjohMasayoshi, TakanoYaoko, TakahashiTakao, HasegawaNaoki, IwataSatoshi, SugayaNorio

Effective PEP
None identified

Postexposure prophylaxis using oseltamivir or zanamivir for nosocomial influenza in pediatric wards was safe and effective, with a significantly lower rate of secondary infection among contacts given PEP.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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