Side Effects of zileuton: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Zileuton is a medication that inhibits the production of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators, which has shown promise in treating various conditions, including asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. 4 、 10 、 6 、 3 、 9 . It achieves this by blocking the action of 5-lipoxygenase, the enzyme responsible for leukotriene production. 4 . While effective, zileuton has raised concerns due to its potential for causing liver toxicity, a side effect that has been observed more frequently than with leukotriene receptor antagonists such as zafirlukast and montelukast. 9 . Additionally, research suggests that zileuton might carry a greater risk of complications like gastric ulcers compared to other anti-inflammatory drugs. 25 . It is important to note that zileuton can cause severe side effects in some individuals. 18 . Therefore, its use should be reserved for situations where other medications have been ineffective. 21 .

Reasons for Side Effects

The liver plays a crucial role in metabolizing zileuton and eliminating it from the body. 15 . Zileuton can induce liver enzymes, potentially interfering with liver function. 24 . Consequently, individuals with pre-existing liver conditions are advised against taking zileuton. 3 . Furthermore, zileuton can irritate the stomach lining, potentially leading to side effects such as gastric ulcers. 25 .

Common Side Effects

Hepatotoxicity

Zileuton can induce liver enzymes and impair liver function, which is a potential concern. 9 . It is important to avoid using zileuton if you have liver disease. 3 .

Gastric Ulcer

Zileuton can irritate the stomach lining, potentially causing complications like gastric ulcers. 25 .

Other Side Effects

Zileuton can also cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, rash, itching, and shortness of breath. 1 . While these side effects are not common in most patients, they can be severe in some individuals. 18 .

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Hepatotoxicity

Before starting zileuton, it is essential to get liver function tests. 3 . If your liver function is impaired, you should not take zileuton. 24 . If you experience a decline in liver function while taking zileuton, consult your doctor immediately. 9 .

Gastric Ulcer

Before taking zileuton, it is important to discuss any history of gastric ulcers with your doctor. 25 . If you have a history of gastric ulcers, it's recommended to consult your doctor before starting zileuton. 25 . If you experience stomach pain or any other gastrointestinal symptoms while taking zileuton, contact your doctor right away. 25 .

Other Side Effects

If you experience any side effects from zileuton, it is crucial to consult your doctor promptly. 1 . Zileuton can interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor about any other drugs you are taking. 15 .

Comparison between Studies

Common Points of Studies

Several studies have consistently shown that zileuton is effective in treating inflammatory conditions like asthma. 4 、 10 、 6 、 3 、 9 . Additionally, there is a recurring observation of a higher risk of side effects, particularly liver toxicity, associated with zileuton. 9 .

Differences between Studies

The effectiveness and side effects of zileuton may differ across studies. 25 . This variability can be attributed to differences in the patient populations and research methodologies employed in each study. 15 . Consequently, when taking zileuton, it's essential to consult with your doctor and make sure that the treatment aligns with your specific needs and health condition. 21 .

Precautions for Applying Research to Real Life

It is crucial to follow your doctor's instructions when taking zileuton. 3 . Avoid self-treating with zileuton or combining it with other medications without first consulting your doctor. 15 . If you experience any changes in your health while taking zileuton, it's essential to seek medical advice immediately. 18 .

Limitations of Current Research

Research on zileuton is still in its early stages and requires further investigation. 11 . In particular, there is a lack of studies that thoroughly examine the long-term effects and safety of zileuton. 6 . As a result, caution is necessary when using zileuton. 5 .

Future Research Directions

More research is needed to better understand the long-term effects and safety of zileuton. 11 . Additional studies are also necessary to enhance the effectiveness of zileuton and minimize potential side effects. 18 . Zileuton has shown potential for treating a range of conditions, so further research is needed to evaluate its efficacy in various diseases. 22 .

Conclusion

Zileuton holds promise as a treatment for various conditions such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting the production of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators. 4 、 10 、 6 、 3 、 9 . However, it's important to be aware of its potential for causing side effects, primarily liver toxicity, which has been reported more frequently than with other anti-leukotriene medications. 9 . Therefore, it's best to use zileuton only when other treatments have been ineffective. 21 . Before starting zileuton, consult with your doctor to ensure it's the right treatment for you. 15 .

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
0
0
13
25
1.

Nature, time course and dose dependence of zidovudine-related side effects: results from the Multicenter Canadian Azidothymidine Trial.

Author: GelmonK, MontanerJ S, FanningM, SmithJ R, FalutzJ, TsoukasC, GillJ, WellsG, O'ShaughnessyM, WainbergM

Bone marrow changes
Hemoglobin decrease
Zidovudine side effects

Zidovudine treatment resulted in dose-dependent side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and headache, with a decrease in hemoglobin and bone marrow changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Repurposing Zileuton as a Depression Drug Using an AI and In Vitro Approach.

Author: KubickNorwin, PajaresMarta, EnacheIoana, MandaGina, MickaelMichel-Edwar

Safer depression treatment

Zileuton, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, was predicted to modulate the NRF2 pathway in macrophages, suggesting potential for repurposing this drug to treat depression by targeting M1 macrophage inflammatory response.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Role of antileukotriene agents in asthma therapy.

Author: GawchikS M, SaccarC L

Improved asthma symptoms
Improved pulmonary function
Improved quality of life
Reduced corticosteroid use
Low incidence of side effects

Leukotrienes play a significant role in asthma by causing airway constriction and inflammation. Antileukotriene agents, such as zafirlukast, montelukast, and zileuton, effectively improve asthma symptoms and reduce the need for corticosteroids.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

New approaches to anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma.

Author: WenzelS E

Anti-inflammatory effects
Adherence difficulties
Side effects

Corticosteroids are the main treatment for asthma, but they have side effects and require frequent administration. Leukotriene receptor antagonists and synthesis inhibitors, such as zafirlukast and zileuton, are promising new treatments with fewer side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Leukotriene inhibitors in the treatment of allergy and asthma.

Author: ScowDean Thomas, LuttermoserGary K, DickersonKeith Scott

Treat allergic rhinitis
Treat aspirin-intolerant asthma
Treat atopic dermatitis
Treat chronic urticaria
Treat exercise-induced asthma
Treat persistent asthma
Minimal side effects

Leukotriene inhibitors are effective for the treatment of persistent asthma, exercise-induced asthma, and allergic rhinitis, but are less effective than inhaled corticosteroids.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

[The role of leukotrienes in inflammation and leukotriene inhibitors].

Author: KupczykM, KunaP

Asthma symptom control
Lung function improvement
Reduced beta2-agonist need

This study describes the use of leukotriene inhibitors in the treatment of asthma. Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that contribute to asthma symptoms. Leukotriene inhibitors block the production or action of leukotrienes and can improve lung function and reduce the need for other asthma medications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Polish

7.

Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease.

Author: ReynoldsP D, HunterJ O

IBD Treatment
Steroid Side Effects

Aminosalicylates and corticosteroids are commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. These drugs can be effective, but they can also cause serious side effects. Newer drugs such as budesonide, beclamethasone, and tixocortol are being investigated as they have lower systemic bioavailability. Other newer treatments include cyclosporin, mepacrine, zileuton, and ridogrel.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

[Leukotriene modifiers in the treatment of asthma].

Author: AlvarezJ

Airway remodeling
Asthma treatment

Leukotrienes play a role in asthma. Leukotriene modifiers are effective anti-inflammatory agents in bronchial asthma and may have clinical applications in COPD, allergic rhinitis, and chronic urticaria.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Spanish

9.

The use of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors and leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of chronic asthma.

Author: SorknessC A

Improved airway function
Reduced asthma symptoms
Liver toxicity

Antiinflammatory agents, such as leukotriene synthesis inhibitors and leukotriene receptor antagonists, are being developed to treat asthma without the potential risks of corticosteroid therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Clinical activity of leukotriene inhibitors.

Author: HarrisR R, CarterG W, BellR L, MooreJ L, BrooksD W

Alternative to steroids
Asthma relief
Reduced inflammation

Leukotriene inhibitors, such as zileuton, offer a safe and effective alternative to inhaled steroids for asthma treatment, with similar improvements in lung function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Author: CollawnC, RubinP, PerezN, BobadillaJ, CabreraG, ReyesE, BorovoyJ, KershenobichD

Ulcerative colitis symptom relief

An inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (A-64077) was effective in reducing discomfort associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). While it improved the gross appearance of the sigmoid mucosa, no significant histologic improvement was observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

[Chronic inflammatory bowel disease].

Author: MadsenJ R, LaursenL S, LauritsenK

Improved IBD
Reduced corticosteroid need

This article reviews the current understanding of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The article discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of IBD. While corticosteroids and sulphasalazine are still the cornerstones of treatment, newer therapies including immunosuppressants and anti-leukotriene drugs are also discussed.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Danish

13.

Suppression of leukotriene B4 generation by ex-vivo neutrophils isolated from asthma patients on dietary supplementation with gammalinolenic acid-containing borage oil: possible implication in asthma.

Author: ZibohVincent A, NaguwaStanley, VangKao, WineingerJulie, MorrisseyBrian M, WatnikMitchell, GershwinM Eric

Asthma treatment

This study investigates the potential of dietary gammalinolenic acid (GLA) in attenuating asthma. While GLA effectively suppressed the biosynthesis of proinflammatory leukotriene B4 in asthma patients, it did not result in significant improvements in asthma scores. Further research is needed to explore the role of GLA at higher doses.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

14.

Licofelone--a novel analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Author: KulkarniS K, SinghVijay Pal

Analgesic effect
Anti-inflammatory effect
Antiasthmatic effect
Gastrointestinal side effects

Licofelone, a dual COX/LOX inhibitor, possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiasthmatic effects without causing gastrointestinal side effects. Preclinical studies show its effectiveness in various animal models, suggesting its potential for treating osteoarthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Metabolomics in drug intolerance.

Author: AndreuInmaculada, MayorgaCristobalina, MirandaMiguel A

Adverse drug reactions
Drug intolerance
Hepatotoxicity
Hypersensitivity reactions

Adverse drug reactions can occur with many drugs and can lead to serious health problems. This review discusses the toxicological consequences of drug biotransformation, including examples of drugs that can cause liver damage or other toxic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Idiosyncratic reactions and metabolism of sulfur-containing drugs.

Author: ZunigaFreddi I, LoiDanmy, LingKah Hiing John, Tang-LiuDiane D-S

Covalent binding
Toxic metabolites

This article reviews the current status of idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs), potential mechanisms, and the challenges associated with predicting drug toxicity. IDRs often go undiscovered until after post-marketing and can involve the formation of toxic metabolites followed by covalent binding to cellular proteins.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Acute effects of antileukotrienes on sinonasal polyposis and sinusitis.

Author: ParnesS M, ChumaA V

Control sinonasal polyposis

This study evaluated the efficacy of zileuton and zafirlukast in controlling sinonasal polyposis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Discovery of polymethoxyflavones as potential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors.

Author: Md IdrisMuhd Hanis, Mohd AminSiti Norhidayah, Mohd AminSiti Norhidayu, WibowoAgustono, ZakariaZainul Amiruddin, ShaameriZurina, HamzahAhmad Sazali, SelvarajManikandan, TehLay Kek, SallehMohd Zaki

Anti-inflammatory effect
Cell toxicity

A series of methoxyflavones were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties. Compound F2 exhibited selectivity towards COX-2, F3 towards PDE4B, and F5 towards 5-LOX. Docking analysis suggests that methoxy group position and halogen substitution influence bioactivity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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