Effective treatment of atherosclerosis: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Studies have shown that atherosclerosis can be reversed or at least slowed down by lowering cholesterol levels through diet modification or medications. 2 , 6 , These findings have been observed in both animal and human studies. 2 , 6 , Statin medications, in particular, have demonstrated not only cholesterol-lowering effects but also pleiotropic benefits such as improved endothelial function and reduced platelet aggregation, which contribute to preventing the progression of atherosclerosis. 16 , 8 , While LDL cholesterol is a primary target, research suggests that other lipid factors like triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) can also play a role in the progression of atherosclerosis. 20 , 9 Nicotinic acid and fibrate medications are potential treatments for these factors. 20 , 9 Calcium channel blockers have shown limited efficacy in reducing existing atherosclerotic lesions but have been observed to decrease the formation of new lesions. 2 , Lifestyle modifications, particularly dietary changes and exercise, are also crucial in slowing down atherosclerosis. 6 , 2 These interventions can contribute to improved cholesterol levels and overall cardiovascular health. 6 , 2 Notably, atherosclerosis has been linked to inflammation within blood vessels. 18 Lowering hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), an inflammatory marker, has shown potential benefits in reducing atherosclerosis progression. 20 In cases where medication is ineffective, aggressive lipid-lowering therapies such as LDL apheresis can be considered for severe cases. 10 , 12

Treatment Summary

The treatment of atherosclerosis often involves medication aimed at lowering cholesterol levels. 2 , 6 These medications can include statins, nicotinic acid, and fibrates. 20 , 9 Calcium channel blockers may also be used to potentially inhibit the development of new lesions. 2 , Lifestyle changes, particularly dietary and exercise modifications, are crucial components of management. 6 , 2 For severe cases, aggressive lipid-lowering therapies such as LDL apheresis can be considered. 10 , 12

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Treatment of atherosclerosis can offer the following potential benefits:

  • Slowing the progression of atherosclerosis
  • Reduction in existing plaque size
  • Decreased risk of cardiovascular events
  • Improved endothelial function
  • Reduced platelet aggregation

Risk Summary

Potential risks associated with atherosclerosis treatment include:

  • Side effects from medications
  • Risks associated with aggressive therapies such as LDL apheresis

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Several studies consistently demonstrate that lowering cholesterol levels can either slow down or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis. 2 , 6 , Additionally, statin medications have been shown to possess pleiotropic benefits that contribute to overall cardiovascular health. 16 , 8 , Moreover, the importance of lifestyle modifications, particularly dietary and exercise changes, in preventing and managing atherosclerosis is widely recognized. 6 , 2

Differences in Studies

There are differences in the specific treatments and their effectiveness as indicated by various studies. 2 , 6 For example, the effectiveness of calcium channel blockers in reducing existing atherosclerotic lesions has yielded inconsistent results across different studies. 2 , Similarly, aggressive therapies like LDL apheresis, while potentially beneficial for severe cases, may not be universally effective for all patients. 10 , 12

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While research has yielded consistent findings regarding the potential of cholesterol reduction to slow down or reverse atherosclerosis, there are some inconsistencies and contradictions. 2 , 6 Multiple studies have shown a link between lower cholesterol levels and a reduced risk of atherosclerosis progression, even with some regression observed. 2 , 6 , However, there are differences in the effectiveness of specific treatments and the degree of improvement achieved, highlighting the need for further research. 2 , 6 The effectiveness of calcium channel blockers in reducing existing lesions has not been consistently observed. 2 ,

Practical Implications and Considerations

Atherosclerosis treatment should be personalized based on individual patient characteristics and needs. 2 , 6 Consulting with a physician is crucial to determine the most suitable treatment options. 2 , 6 Lifestyle modifications are critical for both preventing and managing atherosclerosis. 6 , 2 Maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in regular exercise are essential for overall cardiovascular health. 6 , 2

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the treatment effects of atherosclerosis remains insufficient. 2 , 6 In particular, there is a shortage of long-term studies addressing both effectiveness and safety. 2 , 6 Additionally, individual responses to treatments and the underlying conditions of patients can vary significantly. 2 , 6

Future Research Directions

Further research is required to gain a comprehensive understanding of atherosclerosis treatment effectiveness. 2 , 6 Long-term studies focusing on the long-term effectiveness and safety of treatments are crucial. 2 , 6 Research should delve deeper into individual patient characteristics and their responses to different therapies. 2 , 6

Conclusion

Treating atherosclerosis can slow its progression and in some cases reverse the effects of this condition. 2 , 6 Choosing appropriate treatment strategies and making necessary lifestyle changes can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2 , 6 While more research is needed, atherosclerosis treatment plays a vital role in improving patients' health and quality of life. 2 , 6

Treatment List

Cholesterol-lowering medication, statin medications, nicotinic acid, fibrates, calcium channel blockers, lifestyle modifications, diet modification, exercise, LDL apheresis

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
1
Article Type
15
4
1
3
20
1.

[Evaluation of trials on regression of atheromatous lesions with hypolipemic drugs].

Author: CosteP, DurrieuC, BesseP

Atheroma regression

Experimental studies have shown that diet and lipid-lowering drugs can reduce atherosclerotic lesions, but clinical confirmation requires reliable angiographic analysis methods. Five studies comparing treatment with control groups demonstrated varying degrees of atherosclerosis regression, particularly with statin therapy. However, further research is needed to confirm the long-term clinical benefits and understand the impact of atherosclerosis regression.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : French

2.

[Is regression of atherosclerosis possible?].

Author: ThomasD, RichardJ L, EmmerichJ, BruckertE, DelahayeF

Regression of atherosclerosis

Experimental studies have demonstrated atherosclerosis regression in animals, but the concept remains controversial in humans. Several clinical studies have shown not only stabilization but also regression of atherosclerotic lesions with reductions in cholesterol levels, achieved through medication, diet, or surgery. Non-lipid-lowering drugs have not shown significant regression, but may reduce new lesion formation. While promising, further research is needed to establish long-term clinical benefits and the significance of atherosclerosis regression.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : French

3.

Regression of coronary atherosclerosis: an achievable goal? Review of results from recent clinical trials.

Author: WatersD, LespéranceJ

Favorable regression of atherosclerosis
Prevents appearance and worsening of lesions
Reduced coronary events
Retards atherosclerosis progression

Large-scale studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of treating hyperlipidemia in reducing coronary events and slowing or reversing atherosclerosis. The beneficial effects appear to be proportional to the degree of lipid lowering.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Effects of colestipol-niacin therapy on human femoral atherosclerosis.

Author: BlankenhornD H, AzenS P, CrawfordD W, NessimS A, SanmarcoM E, SelzerR H, ShircoreA M, WickhamE C

Reduced atherosclerosis progression

This study examined the effect of cholesterol-lowering treatment on the progression of atherosclerosis in the femoral arteries of men who had previously undergone heart bypass surgery. The study found that the treatment, a combination of colestipol, niacin, and diet, significantly slowed the progression of atherosclerosis in segments with moderate to severe disease and in the proximal segments of the arteries. While significant, the effect was less pronounced than previously observed in coronary arteries.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Randomised controlled trial of the treatment of hyperlipidaemia on progression of atherosclerosis.

Author: LewisB

Arterial disease slowed
Segmental regression

A study of 25 men with symptomatic femoral atherosclerosis found that treatment for high cholesterol levels (including diet and medication) resulted in a slower progression of arterial disease compared to standard care. Treatment led to a 19% reduction in cholesterol and 37% reduction in triglyceride levels. Arteriography, performed after 19 months, showed that the treated group had less arterial disease progression and more instances of segmental disease regression compared to the control group. This suggests that effective treatment of high cholesterol can positively impact the progression of atherosclerosis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Correlates and consequences of diffuse atherosclerosis in men with coronary heart disease. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial Study Group.

Author: WiltT J, RubinsH B, CollinsD, O'ConnorT Z, RutanG H, RobinsS J

Improved risk factor management
Atherosclerosis complications

This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and impact on quality of life associated with combined coronary heart disease and peripheral atherosclerosis. The study highlights the importance of identifying patients with "diffuse atherosclerosis" for targeted treatment and management of modifiable risk factors.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

8.

[Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction; rôle of platelet antiaggregants and hypolipemic agents].

Author: AumontM C, SeknadjiP

Reduced cardiovascular mortality
Reduced reinfarction

This study reviewed the evidence for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, emphasizing the benefits of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and statin therapy for lowering cholesterol. Aspirin was found to reduce cardiovascular mortality and non-fatal reinfarction. Statins have been shown to reduce both total and coronary mortality, while fibrates, while effective for hypertriglyceridaemia, may increase total and non-coronary mortality.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : French

9.

Secondary preventive potential of lipid-lowering drugs. The Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial (BECAIT).

Author: de FaireU, EricssonC G, GripL, NilssonJ, SvaneB, HamstenA

Reduced coronary events
Slowed atherosclerosis progression

This study investigated the effectiveness of bezafibrate in slowing the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young male survivors of myocardial infarction. Bezafibrate was shown to slow the progression of focal coronary atherosclerosis to a degree comparable to statins and also reduced the occurrence of coronary events.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Effect of apheresis of low-density lipoprotein on peripheral vascular disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease.

Author: KroonA A, van AstenW N, StalenhoefA F

Prevention of aortotibial stenosis progression
Reduced carotid intima-media thickness

Aggressive lipid lowering with simvastatin and LDL apheresis decreased the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and prevented an increase in the number of hemodynamically significant stenoses in the lower limbs. Simvastatin alone did not prevent progression of carotid or aortotibial vascular disease.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Prevention of the angiographic progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial (LOCAT) Study Group.

Author: FrickM H, SyvänneM, NieminenM S, KaumaH, MajahalmeS, VirtanenV, KesäniemiY A, PasternackA, TaskinenM R

Prevents graft lesions
Retarded atherosclerosis

Gemfibrozil therapy retarded the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and the formation of bypass-graft lesions in post-coronary bypass men with low HDL cholesterol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Aggressive lipid lowering treatment in coronary atherosclerosis.

Author: StalenhoefA F, KroonA A, AengevaerenW R

Improved outcome
Reduced risk

LDL-apheresis combined with simvastatin was more effective than conventional drug treatment alone in reducing coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with severe coronary artery disease.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Proposed synergistic effect of calcium channel blockers with lipid-lowering therapy in retarding progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

Author: JukemaJ W, van BovenA J, ZwindermanA H, Van der LaarseA, BruschkeA V

Atherosclerosis prevention
Reduced atherosclerosis progression
Atherosclerosis

This study investigated whether adding calcium channel blockers (CCBs) to pravastatin therapy could enhance the beneficial effects on coronary atherosclerosis. The study found that patients taking pravastatin who also received CCBs had significantly less progression of atherosclerosis compared to those who did not take CCBs. While CCBs did not show benefit in those not taking pravastatin, the study suggests that combining CCBs with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors might be a promising approach for preventing the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis.

Author: HerringtonD M, ReboussinD M, BrosnihanK B, SharpP C, ShumakerS A, SnyderT E, FurbergC D, KowalchukG J, StuckeyT D, RogersW J, GivensD H, WatersD

Heart disease prevention

This study emphasizes the need for more research on the effects of estrogen in treating and preventing heart disease, particularly its effects on coronary atherosclerosis and the potential influence of progestin therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

15.

[Statins in the treatment of patients with arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities].

Author: MayerO, HromádkaM

Improve efficiency
Protect against complaints

Statin treatment in patients with advanced atherosclerosis and arterial occlusion in the lower extremities resulted in improvement of claudication interval. In patients with baseline dyslipidaemia, statins showed a protective effect. The study observed improvement in the prooxidation state, which followed the dynamics of improvement in the impaired blood lipid spectrum.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Czech

16.

Reduction of myocardial ischemia with simvastatin in addition to conventional treatment in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.

Author: VerriValéria, CunhaAdemir Baptista, TessaroloLuiz E B, CarneiroRenata C, Romêo FilhoLuiz J M

Reduced cardiovascular morbidity
Reduced cardiovascular mortality
Restored peripheral and coronary vasodilation

Coronary artery disease is a growing problem. Controlling risk factors is crucial, not only to prevent plaque buildup (primary prevention) but also to slow or even reverse existing plaque (secondary prevention). High cholesterol is a major factor in the development of this disease. Lowering cholesterol levels, particularly with statins, has been shown to reduce heart problems and death. Lowering cholesterol also improves blood vessel function, even in people without visible blockages.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

[Influence of valsartan, fluvastatin extended release and their combination on arterial pressure, parameters of lipid metabolism, and endothelial function in patients with hypertensive disease].

Author: SobolevaG N, PogorelovaO A, KuznetsovaT V, MasenkoV P, FomichevaO A, ChernovaN A, RogozaA N, BalakhonovaT V, KarpovIu A

Improved BP
Improved FMD

The combination of Fluvastatin extended release (F) with Valsartan (V) led to more significant reduction in blood pressure and significant improvement in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Russian

18.

The role of intima-media-thickness, ankle-brachial-index and inflammatory biochemical parameters for stroke risk prediction: a systematic review.

Author: SanderD, PoppertH, SanderK, EtgenT

Early stroke detection
Prevention strategies

This article discusses the importance of early detection and prevention in stroke, highlighting new parameters for assessing individual risk, given the understanding of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

19.

Levels of cholesterol in small LDL particles predict atherosclerosis progression and incident CHD in the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS).

Author: WilliamsPaul T, ZhaoXue-Qiao, MarcovinaSantica M, BrownB Greg, KraussRonald M

Increased risk of cardiovascular events

The study investigated the association between LDL-subclass cholesterol concentrations and coronary artery stenosis and cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Higher concentrations of small LDL subfractions (LDL-IIIb and LDL-IVa) were associated with increased coronary artery stenosis and a greater odds for cardiovascular events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effect of hypolipidemic treatment on emerging risk factors in mixed dyslipidemia: a randomized pilot trial.

Author: KeiAnastazia, LiberopoulosEvangelos, TellisKostantinos, RizzoManfredi, ElisafMoses, TselepisAlexandros

Reduced LDL particle size
Reduced hsCRP
Reduced small dense LDL cholesterol
More side effects with ER-NA/LRPT

Add-on extended release nicotinic acid (ER-NA)/laropiprant (LRPT) and switch to the highest dose of rosuvastatin were associated with more pronounced beneficial modifications in emerging cardiovascular risk factors compared with add-on fenofibrate in patients with mixed dyslipidaemia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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