Effective treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd): A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Various studies have been conducted, and different approaches have been considered as treatment methods for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methylphenidate is a drug widely used in the treatment of ADHD, but 24 suggests that its effectiveness for ADHD symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is also promising.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adults with ADHD has been suggested to be effective, especially when combined with pharmacological treatment, according to the research in 25 . CBT aims to change thoughts and behaviors that reinforce the harmful effects of the disorder by teaching people techniques to control the core symptoms. CBT also aims to help people cope with emotions, such as anxiety and depression, and to improve self-esteem.

The study in 22 suggests that cognitively and physically demanding exergames have the potential to improve executive functions in children with ADHD. This is related to symptoms such as decreased attention, difficulty controlling impulses, and increased motor activity that can affect academic achievement in children with ADHD.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are sometimes used as second-line treatment for reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD, according to 15 , but their effectiveness is still unknown.

The study in 19 suggests that cognitive computer training may be an effective non-pharmacological or supplementary therapy for children with ADHD who do not respond well to pharmacological treatment or have poor compliance with medication.

The research in 21 suggests that behavioral therapy, psychostimulants, and combination therapies may be effective in addressing homework problems, a challenge related to academic achievement, in children with ADHD.

Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, non-stimulants such as atomoxetine, tricyclic antidepressants, and alpha agonists are used to treat ADHD in children with co-occurring tic disorders, as shown in 10 .

The study in 5 found that once-daily administration of atomoxetine was effective in treating children and adolescents with ADHD.

The study in 27 assessed the efficacy of acupuncture for treating ADHD in children and adolescents. The results suggest that acupuncture may be an effective treatment for ADHD.

The effectiveness and safety of guanfacine in treating children with tic disorders and ADHD were evaluated in the research in 4 .

The study in 12 suggests that discontinuing methylphenidate in adults with ADHD tends to lead to a recurrence of ADHD symptoms.

The research in 26 suggests that psychological and behavioral interventions combined with biofeedback may be effective in treating preschool children with ADHD.

The study in 29 investigated the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in children and adolescents with ADHD before and after stimulant use. The results suggest that BDNF levels may be related to the pathophysiology of ADHD and response to stimulant treatment.

The study in 28 investigated the effectiveness and harms of extended-release methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. The results suggest that methylphenidate is the recommended first-line pharmacological treatment for adults with ADHD.

The research in 7 shows that stimulant medications are the treatment of choice for adults with ADHD and are generally as effective as they are in children and adolescents.

The study in 2 suggests that children and parents have different perceptions of stimulant medication treatment for ADHD.

The study in 8 assessed the clinical and cost-effectiveness of oral methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), dexamfetamine sulphate (DEX), and atomoxetine (ATX) in children and adolescents with ADHD. The results indicate that these drugs are effective and cost-effective for treating ADHD.

The study in 14 investigated the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments in patients with ADHD and co-occurring drug dependence.

The research in 3 evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with ADHD. The results suggest that nortriptyline is effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of ADHD.

The study in 18 investigated family risk factors for ADHD. The results suggest that identifying risk factors for ADHD can help in preventing and treating the disorder.

The study in 9 evaluated the effectiveness of risperidone for ADHD in people with intellectual disabilities. The results suggest that risperidone may be an effective treatment for ADHD in people with intellectual disabilities.

The research in 16 investigated the effects of noofen treatment in children with ADHD using neuropsychological methods. The results suggest that noofen may be an effective treatment for ADHD.

The study in 11 investigated the effectiveness of acupuncture for treating ADHD. The results suggest that acupuncture may be an effective treatment for ADHD.

The study in 6 evaluated the effectiveness of transdermal nicotine for treating ADHD in children and adolescents. The results suggest that transdermal nicotine may be an effective treatment for ADHD.

The study in 17 aims to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in children and adolescents with ADHD.

The research in 23 investigated the effectiveness of bupropion for ADHD in adults. The results suggest that bupropion may be a non-stimulant treatment option for adults with ADHD.

The study in 13 aims to investigate the effectiveness of integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with both ADHD and substance use disorder.

The study in 1 assessed the effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with ADHD. The results suggest that tomoxetine may be an alternative treatment option for adults with ADHD.

The study in 20 investigated alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment. The results suggest that amphetamines may be effective but can be associated with serious side effects, while antidepressants may also be effective but should be avoided in patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder.

Treatment Summary

Methylphenidate is widely used as a first-line medication not only for children and adolescents with ADHD but also for adults with ADHD, as shown in 24 and 12 .

Bupropion has been proposed as a non-stimulant treatment option for adults with ADHD, as shown in 23 .

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested to be an effective treatment for adults with ADHD, especially when combined with pharmacological treatment, as shown in 25 .

Other treatment options include cognitively and physically demanding exergames ( 22 ), tricyclic antidepressants ( 15 ), cognitive computer training ( 19 ), acupuncture ( 27 ), and more.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

There are various options for treating ADHD, with appropriate treatments available for children, adolescents, and adults.

Methylphenidate has been shown to be effective for treating ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested to be effective for treating ADHD in adults, especially when combined with pharmacological treatment.

Other treatment options include exergames, tricyclic antidepressants, cognitive computer training, and acupuncture.

Risk Summary

The risks of side effects must be considered when treating ADHD.

Methylphenidate can cause side effects such as insomnia, loss of appetite, and weight loss. The study in 12 suggests that discontinuing treatment can lead to a recurrence of ADHD symptoms.

Amphetamines are more potent psychostimulants than methylphenidate and can cause psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.

Tricyclic antidepressants can cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and difficulty urinating.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may take longer to show results than pharmacological treatment and requires effort from the patient.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Many studies have shown that ADHD occurs across various age groups, from children to adults.

Studies have indicated that there are a variety of approaches to treating ADHD, including pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological treatment, and combination therapies.

Studies emphasize the importance of evaluating not only the effectiveness but also the safety of ADHD treatments.

Differences in Studies

Studies differ in terms of the age groups studied, the targeted ADHD symptoms, the treatments investigated, and the methods used for evaluation.

The effectiveness and safety of treatment vary across studies, and it is not possible to definitively say that one treatment method is superior to another.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Because the effectiveness of ADHD treatments varies from patient to patient, determining the optimal treatment approach requires considering the individual's condition.

Some studies show the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment, but further research is needed to assess long-term effects and side effects.

Non-pharmacological treatment may take longer to show results than pharmacological treatment but has the advantage of fewer long-term effects and fewer side effects.

Precautions for Applying the Results to Real Life

Treating ADHD requires the patient's own effort.

To maximize the effects of treatment, it is essential to follow the doctor's instructions and continue the treatment.

Lifestyle improvements and understanding and support from those around you are also important for successful treatment.

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on ADHD treatment.

In particular, research on long-term effects and side effects is lacking.

Further progress in research on the pathophysiology and genetic factors of ADHD is also necessary.

Future Research Directions

Research is needed on the development of new treatment methods to enhance the effectiveness of ADHD treatment and on optimizing existing treatment methods.

Progress in research on the pathophysiology and genetic factors of ADHD is expected to lead to the development of more effective treatment methods.

Conclusion

Choosing the right treatment method based on the individual's condition is crucial when treating ADHD.

To maximize treatment effectiveness, it is important to follow the doctor's instructions and continue treatment.

Lifestyle improvements and understanding and support from those around you are also essential for successful treatment.

Treatment List

methylphenidate, dexamfetamine, atomoxetine, tricyclic antidepressants, alpha agonists, guanfacine, nortriptyline, noofen, acupuncture, transdermal nicotine, bupropion, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exergames, cognitive computer training

Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
26
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
1
Article Type
13
11
14
14
28
1.

Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: SpencerT, BiedermanJ, WilensT, PrinceJ, HatchM, JonesJ, HardingM, FaraoneS V, SeidmanL

ADHD symptom improvement
Well tolerated

Tomoxetine is effective and well-tolerated in treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Child and parent perceptions of stimulant medication treatment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: EfronD, JarmanF C, BarkerM J

Improved ADHD symptoms
Medication side effects

Stimulant medications are generally well-perceived by children with ADHD, but a significant minority experience adverse effects. Parental perceptions may not always reflect the child's experience.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

A controlled study of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: PrinceJ B, WilensT E, BiedermanJ, SpencerT J, MillsteinR, PolisnerD A, BosticJ Q

Effective for ADHD and oppositionality
Weight gain

Nortriptyline (NT) effectively reduces symptoms of ADHD and oppositionality in children and adolescents. In a study of 35 patients, NT significantly reduced ADHD and oppositional symptoms. Robust dosing was well tolerated with minimal adverse events.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: ScahillL, ChappellP B, KimY S, SchultzR T, KatsovichL, ShepherdE, ArnstenA F, CohenD J, LeckmanJ F

Improved ADHD symptoms
Reduced tic severity
Sedation

Guanfacine was found to be a safe and effective treatment for children with tic disorders and ADHD. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, guanfacine was associated with a 37% improvement in ADHD symptoms, compared to an 8% improvement in the placebo group. Guanfacine also resulted in a 31% decrease in tic severity, compared to no change in the placebo group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Author: MichelsonDavid, AllenAlbert J, BusnerJoan, CasatCharles, DunnDavid, KratochvilChristopher, NewcornJeffrey, SalleeF Randy, SangalR Bart, SaylorKeith, WestScott, KelseyDouglas, WernickeJoachim, TrappNancy J, HarderDonald

Effective ADHD treatment
Sustained effects

Once-daily administration of atomoxetine is an effective treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD. The treatment effect size was similar to those observed in previous atomoxetine studies that used twice-daily dosing.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

A pilot controlled trial of transdermal nicotine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: ShytleR Douglas, SilverArchie A, WilkinsonBerney J, SanbergPaul R

Reduced ADHD symptoms
Dizziness
Itching under patch
Nausea
Stomach ache

Transdermal nicotine may be a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of ADHD, but therapeutic uses of nicotine are limited due to side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Pharmacotherapy of adult ADHD.

Author: DodsonWilliam W

Adult ADHD treatment

While ADHD has been recognized in adults for decades, it's only recently been studied in this population. The symptoms of ADHD are very similar in children and adults, so many medication approaches used for children also work for adults. Stimulants remain the primary treatment and are generally as effective in adults as in children. Several long-acting formulations are available for greater convenience. Other medications are also discussed. Finding the right medication and dose requires trial and error, as there's no way to predict what will work best for each person.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

A systematic review and economic model of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate, dexamfetamine and atomoxetine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.

Author: KingS, GriffinS, HodgesZ, WeatherlyH, AsseburgC, RichardsonG, GolderS, TaylorE, DrummondM, RiemsmaR

Improved QoL
Reduced hyperactivity
Limited data on adverse effects

Methylphenidate, dexamfetamine, and atomoxetine were effective in reducing hyperactivity and improving quality of life in children with ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

Risperidone for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with intellectual disabilities.

Author: ThomsonAlex, MaltezosStefanos, PaliokostaElena, XenitidisKiriakos

ADHD treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized in people with intellectual disability (ID), but treating ADHD in this population hasn't been well-studied. Risperidone has been used to treat ADHD in people with ID, but its effectiveness is unclear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Pharmacological treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders.

Author: PringsheimTamara, SteevesThomas

ADHD treatment

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition that often occurs alongside tic disorders in children. While ADHD symptoms can be treated with medications like stimulants, non-stimulants, and other types of medications, doctors have often been hesitant to use stimulants in children with both ADHD and tics, fearing that it might worsen the tics. This is despite the fact that ADHD symptoms can be more disruptive and require greater attention than the tics.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

Acupuncture for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: LeeMyeong Soo, ChoiTae-Young, KimJong-In, KimLakhyung, ErnstEdzard

Acupuncture benefit
High risk of bias
Limited evidence

Three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigated the effectiveness of acupuncture for treating ADHD. One RCT found electroacupuncture (EA) plus behavioral treatment to be superior to sham EA plus behavioral treatment. Two RCTs showed a significant benefit of acupuncture or auricular acupuncture over conventional drug therapies. However, the risk of bias in these studies was high, so firm conclusions cannot be drawn.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

Treatment discontinuation with methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: CastellsXavier, CunillRuth, CapellàDolors

Reduced ADHD symptoms
Higher discontinuation rate

Methylphenidate, despite reducing ADHD symptoms, did not demonstrate a significant advantage over placebo in terms of treatment discontinuation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

13.

Investigating the efficacy of integrated cognitive behavioral therapy for adult treatment seeking substance use disorder patients with comorbid ADHD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.

Author: van Emmerik-van OortmerssenKatelijne, VedelEllen, KoeterMaarten W, de BruijnKim, DekkerJack J M, van den BrinkWim, SchoeversRobert A

CBT for ADHD

ADHD and substance use disorders (SUD) often occur together and make both conditions more difficult to treat. Medications have not been very successful for treating ADHD in adults with SUD. While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown promise for ADHD without SUD, it has not been studied in adults with both ADHD and SUD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with co-morbid drug dependence.

Author: CunillR, CastellsX, TobiasA, CapellàD

ADHD symptom reduction
No abstinence benefit
Treatment discontinuation

Pharmacological interventions for co-occurring ADHD and SUD improved ADHD symptoms, but did not show beneficial effects on drug abstinence or on treatment discontinuation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

15.

Tricyclic antidepressants for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents.

Author: OtasowieJohn, CastellsXavier, EhimareUmonoibalo P, SmithClare H

ADHD treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that starts in childhood and can continue into adulthood. It affects children's daily lives, relationships, and school performance. While tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are sometimes used to treat ADHD symptoms in children, their effectiveness is not clear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

16.

[The results of the pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evaluation with neuropsychological methods].

Author: ZavadenkoN N, SuvorinovaN Iu

Improved attention
Improved cognitive function
Improved memory

Noofen treatment (15-20 mg/kg per day) improved cognitive function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Russian

17.

The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Author: Catalá-LópezFerrán, HuttonBrian, Núñez-BeltránAmparo, MayhewAlain D, PageMatthew J, RidaoManuel, TobíasAurelio, CataláMiguel A, Tabarés-SeisdedosRafael, MoherDavid

ADHD treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition in children and teens, affecting healthcare systems and communities. This study examines the effectiveness and safety of both medication and non-medication treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

[A Meta analysis of family risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

Author: ZhangYa-Feng, SunGui-Xiang

ADHD prevention

This meta-analysis investigated the risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in China. The study found that good parenting, a nuclear family, high education levels of parents, and a mother with extroversion were protective factors. Poor parental relationship and a family history of ADHD were risk factors.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

19.

Cognitive computer training in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus no intervention: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: BikicAida, LeckmanJames F, LindschouJane, ChristensenTorben Ø, DalsgaardSøren

ADHD treatment
Cognitive function improvement

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition that affects attention, impulsivity, and other cognitive skills. While medications can be helpful, many people still struggle with cognitive difficulties, and some don't respond to medication. New approaches, including cognitive training, are being investigated to address these issues. Cognitive training programs that focus on multiple cognitive skills, rather than just working memory or attention, may be more beneficial for children with ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Alternative pharmacological strategies for adult ADHD treatment: a systematic review.

Author: BuoliMassimiliano, SeratiMarta, CahnWiepke

ADHD treatment
Amphetamine side effects

Adult ADHD is a common condition that can be disabling. While standard medications are helpful, they don't always work long-term, and some people don't respond well. This review examines alternative medications for ADHD. Amphetamines have shown the most effectiveness but can have serious side effects. Certain antidepressants may also be effective but should be avoided in people with bipolar disorder. Finally, metadoxine and lithium might be better options for those with alcohol misuse or bipolar disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

21.

Improving homework performance among children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial.

Author: MerrillBrittany M, MorrowAnne S, AltszulerAmy R, MacpheeFiona L, GnagyElizabeth M, GreinerAndrew R, ColesErika K, RaikerJoseph S, CoxeStefany, PelhamWilliam E

ADHD treatment

Children with ADHD have difficulty with schoolwork, especially completing homework. This study is the first to examine how behavioral therapy, stimulant medication, and a combination of these approaches affect homework problems, which are important for long-term academic success.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Cognitively and physically demanding exergaming to improve executive functions of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised clinical trial.

Author: BenzingValentin, SchmidtMirko

ADHD treatment

ADHD is a common disorder in children and teens, affecting attention, impulsivity, and activity levels, which can lead to problems with schoolwork. While medications are helpful, there's interest in finding alternative treatments. Cognitive training is often used to improve executive functions, but these programs often lack variety and don't always transfer to real-life situations. New interventions that combine physical and cognitive challenges, targeting a broader range of skills, are needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.

Author: VerbeeckWim, BekkeringGeertruida E, Van den NoortgateWim, KramersCornelis

ADHD treatment

ADHD is a common condition affecting attention, impulsivity, and activity levels, leading to difficulties in school and work. While stimulant medications are the usual treatment, not everyone responds well or tolerates them. Bupropion, a medication used for depression and smoking cessation, is sometimes used "off-label" (not officially approved) to treat ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

24.

Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Author: SturmanNancy, DeckxLaura, van DrielMieke L

ASD treatment

Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also have symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. This study examines the effectiveness of methylphenidate, a common medication for ADHD, in children with ASD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.

Author: LopezPablo Luis, TorrenteFernando Manuel, CiapponiAgustín, LischinskyAlicia Graciela, Cetkovich-BakmasMarcelo, RojasJuan Ignacio, RomanoMarina, ManesFacundo F

ADHD treatment
CBT efficacy

ADHD is a condition that continues into adulthood, affecting attention, behavior, and emotions, leading to challenges with relationships, work, and school. While medication is often used, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is another potential treatment. CBT helps people change their thoughts and behaviors to manage ADHD symptoms, improve emotional well-being, and boost self-esteem. Research suggests that CBT can be effective, especially when combined with medication.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

26.

[Clinical effect of psychological and behavioral intervention combined with biofeedback in the treatment of preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

Author: HuangXin-Xin, OuPing, QianQin-Fang, HuangYan, YangShi-Wei, WangYan-Xia, HuangShan, WangZhang-Qiong, XieYan-Qin

Improved attention
Reduced hyperactivity

This study investigated the clinical effect of psychological and behavioral intervention combined with biofeedback in the treatment of preschool children with ADHD. This combination improved attention concentration and reduced impulsive/hyperactive and hyperactive symptoms. Treatment strategies differed slightly for children with different types of ADHD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Chinese

28.

Extended-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.

Author: BoesenKim, Paludan-MüllerAsger Sand, GøtzschePeter C, JørgensenKarsten Juhl

Improved ADHD symptoms
Adverse effects

Extended-release methylphenidate compared to placebo improved ADHD symptoms in adults with ADHD, but the certainty of the evidence was very low due to high risk of bias and limitations in generalizability. The benefits and harms of extended-release methylphenidate remain uncertain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

29.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in children and adolescents before and after stimulant use a systematic review and metanalysis.

Author: de LuccaMarina Silva, PimentelMaria Eduarda Oliveira, RaimundoCleuberton Kenedy Oliveira, HenriquesBruno David, MoreiraTiago Ricardo, CardosoSílvia Almeida, de MirandaDébora Marques

ADHD treatment

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder that can affect learning, social skills, and school performance. A brain chemical called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play a role in ADHD and how well stimulant medications work. This review will examine research on BDNF levels in children with ADHD before and after treatment with stimulants.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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