Side Effects of axitinib: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Axitinib has been shown to be beneficial in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in several clinical studies. 2 Axitinib may be superior to existing targeted therapies such as sorafenib and sunitinib in terms of PFS and OS. 10 Furthermore, axitinib has been shown to be effective in combination therapies with bevacizumab and interferon-alpha. 14

Reason for Side Effects

Axitinib is thought to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by blocking tyrosine kinases such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. 7 However, VEGF receptors play an important role in the formation and maintenance of blood vessels, so axitinib may also affect the function of blood vessels. This is thought to be the cause of axitinib's side effects. 28

Common Side Effects

Hypertension

Axitinib is known to cause hypertension. 2 Axitinib is thought to cause vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure. 13 Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, so it's important to be aware of this risk. 3

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Axitinib can cause gastrointestinal side effects. 8 Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite have been reported. 16

Hand-Foot Syndrome

Axitinib can cause hand-foot syndrome. 8 Hand-foot syndrome is characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and numbness in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. 8 Hand-foot syndrome is usually mild and resolves when treatment is discontinued. 8

Hypothyroidism

Axitinib can cause hypothyroidism. 26 Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to a slower metabolism. 26 Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and coldness. 30

Fatigue

Axitinib can cause fatigue. 26 Fatigue is a common side effect of axitinib and is experienced by many patients. 26

Other

In addition to the above, side effects such as rash, hair loss, thrombocytopenia, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction have been reported. 16 Axitinib can also cause methemoglobinemia. 4

Measures for Side Effects

Hypertension

Antihypertensive medications may be used to manage hypertension. 13 Lifestyle modifications are also important. Losing weight by implementing a diet and exercise plan can be effective. 13

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Antiemetics and antidiarrheals may be used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. 8 Dietary changes can also be helpful. Eat foods that are easy to digest and avoid fatty or spicy foods. 8

Hand-Foot Syndrome

Treatment for hand-foot syndrome may involve temporarily discontinuing axitinib or reducing the dosage. 8 Applying cold compresses or moisturizing lotion to the affected areas can help alleviate symptoms. 8

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is managed by taking thyroid hormone replacement medication. 26

Fatigue

Fatigue may be reduced by decreasing the dosage of axitinib. 26 Getting enough rest and eating a balanced diet are also important. 26

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Multiple studies have shown that axitinib is effective in treating mRCC. 2 Many studies have also reported that axitinib can cause side effects such as hypertension. 13

Differences Among Studies

The effectiveness and side effects of axitinib have varied in different studies. 2 For example, a comparative study of axitinib and sunitinib showed that axitinib was superior in terms of PFS. 16 On the other hand, a comparative study of axitinib and sorafenib showed that axitinib was superior in terms of OS. 22 These differences in study results are likely due to variations in patient populations and study designs. 15

Precautions for Real-World Applications

Axitinib is an effective drug for treating mRCC, but it can cause side effects such as hypertension. 13 If you are taking axitinib, follow your doctor's instructions and monitor your blood pressure regularly. 13 Consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects. 13

Limitations of Current Research

Research on axitinib is still ongoing. 2 In particular, the long-term effects of axitinib are not yet fully understood. 2 Furthermore, effective measures for managing axitinib-related side effects are not yet fully established. 13

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of axitinib and develop effective strategies for managing its side effects. 2 Research should also be conducted on combination therapies involving axitinib and other drugs. 2

Conclusion

Axitinib is an effective drug for treating mRCC, but it can cause side effects such as hypertension. 13 If you are taking axitinib, follow your doctor's instructions and be aware of potential side effects. 13 We look forward to continued progress in research on axitinib. 2

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
RCC treatment
1
mRCC treatment
2
Maintained antitumor effects
Reduced side effects
3
Better outcomes
Improved tolerability
4
Cancer treatment
5
Efficacy and safety
6
Anti-angiogenic effect
7
Improved treatment of mRCC
8
Cancer treatment
10
Improved joint health
Inhibition of angiogenesis
Reduced inflammation
11
Thyroid cancer treatment
14
Cancer treatment
VEGFR-TKIs
15
mRCC treatment
16
Survival prolongation
17
Cancer treatment
18
Tumor size reduction
VHL disease treatment
19
Renal cell carcinoma treatment
22
Cancer treatment
23
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced vascular toxicity
24
Improved patient compliance
Maximized therapeutic efficacy
26
Improved RCC treatment
28
NB treatment
Tumor growth inhibition
29
TKI anticancer therapy
30
Risk Keywords
Immune-related adverse event
1
Hypertension
2
Adverse events
4
Side effects
5
Cell death
Curvature of the spine
Impaired blood flow
Pericardial edema
7
Dosage modifications
Gastrointestinal symptoms
8
Contrast nephropathy risk
9
Rheumatoid arthritis
11
Adverse events
12
Hypertension
13
Toxicities
14
Cardiotoxicity
Hypertension
15
Hypothyroidism
17
Alopecia
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Hand-foot skin reactions
Thrombocytopenia
19
Blood disorders
Cardiac disorders
Hepatobiliary disorders
Lymphatic system disorders
Metabolism disorders
Nutrition disorders
Vascular disorders
20
Increased buspirone side effects
21
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Hypertension
22
Adverse events
Diarrhea
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Liver toxicity
23
Aortic disease
Scrotal swelling
Scrotal ulcers
25
Fatigue
Hypothyroidism
26
Bleeding
Diarrhea
Hand-foot skin reaction
Hematological abnormalities
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Metabolic abnormalities
Proteinuria
Skin rash
Stomatitis
28
Fatigue
Hypertension
Thyroid dysfunction
30
Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
3
Article Type
1
1
1
7
29
1.

Frequency of pre-treatment may not increase the immune-related adverse events of RCC patients treated with nivolumab.

Author: MizutaniKosuke, ItoToshiki, TakaharaKiyoshi, AndoRyosuke, IshiharaTakuma, YasuiTakahiro, ShirokiRyoichi, MiyakeHideaki, KoieTakuya

RCC treatment
Immune-related adverse event

This study investigates the association between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) due to nivolumab treatment and the number of prior targeted therapies in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The results suggest that the number of prior therapies is associated with higher grades of irAEs, but not the incidence of irAEs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

2.

Effects and Side Effects of Using Sorafenib and Sunitinib in the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Author: Randrup HansenCaroline, GrimmDaniela, BauerJohann, WehlandMarkus, MagnussonNils E

mRCC treatment
Hypertension

Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), but the role of sorafenib and sunitinib remains important. This review discusses the current utility, adverse effects, and future directions for sorafenib, sunitinib, and newer targeted therapies in the management of mRCC.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Losartan Alleviates the Side Effects and Maintains the Anticancer Activity of Axitinib.

Author: FuYing, SaxuRengui, RidwanKadir Ahmad, YaoJiaping, ChenXiaoxuan, XuXueping, ZhengWeida, YuPeng, TengYuou

Maintained antitumor effects
Reduced side effects

This study investigated the potential of losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, to mitigate the side effects of axitinib, a VEGF receptor inhibitor, without compromising its antitumor activity. The results suggest a benefit of combining the two drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Symptomatic methemoglobinemia in a patient with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab and axitinib combination therapy: a case report.

Author: OlsenT Anders, MartiniDylan J, EvansSean T, GoldmanJamie M, BilenMehmet Asim

Better outcomes
Improved tolerability
Adverse events

Combination therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and VEGF inhibitors are improving outcomes for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, patients still experience various side effects, and a full understanding of the side effect profile is still developing.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Axitinib, a novel anti-angiogenic drug with promising activity in various solid tumors.

Author: ChoueiriToni K

Cancer treatment
Side effects

Axitinib, a VEGF, PDGF, and CSF-1 receptor inhibitor, shows promise in treating various solid tumors, though side effects like fatigue, hypertension, and diarrhea are common.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Efficacy and safety of third- and fourth-line targeted therapy in Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis.

Author: TakahitoNegishi, KeiNagase, HidenoriIwai, NobukiFurubayashi, KenichiTaguchi, MotonobuNakamura

Efficacy and safety

Third- and fourth-line targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) were effective and safe in Asian patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Contrast nephropathy in cancer patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy: a prospective study.

Author: GökyerAli, KüçükardaAhmet, KöstekOsman, HacıoğluMuhammet Bekir, UzunoğluSernaz, KulaOsman, KurtNazmi, ÜstündağSedat, ErdoğanBülent, Çiçinİrfan

Contrast nephropathy risk

This study investigates the potential link between the use of anti-VEGF/R drugs, common in cancer treatment, and the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

A contemporary update on rates and management of toxicities of targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Author: AlaskerAhmed, MeskawiMalek, SunMaxine, IsmailSalima, HannaNawar, HansenJens, TianZhe, BianchiMarco, PerrottePaul, KarakiewiczPierre I

Adverse events

All targeted therapies cause adverse events. Most adverse events may be prevented or tested before they escalate to severe levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

[Side effect management of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in urology : Hypertension].

Author: SikicD, MeidenbauerN, LiebV, KeckB

Hypertension

This review focuses on hypertension, a significant side effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in metastatic renal cell carcinoma treatment. The authors provide an overview of hypertension classification and treatment strategies to improve treatment efficacy and patient compliance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

14.

New targeted therapies for thyroid cancer.

Author: AntonelliAlessandro, FallahiPoupak, FerrariSilvia M, RuffilliIlaria, SantiniFrancesca, MinutoMichele, GalleriDavid, MiccoliPaolo

Thyroid cancer treatment
Toxicities

The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising. Several targeted therapies have shown promise in managing advanced disease, but more research is needed to refine patient selection and understand the full range of side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Comparative evaluation of cardiovascular risks among nine FDA-approved VEGFR-TKIs in patients with solid tumors: a Bayesian network analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Author: HouWanting, DingMingfu, LiXiaohua, ZhouXiaohan, ZhuQing, Varela-RamirezArmando, YiCheng

Cancer treatment
VEGFR-TKIs
Cardiotoxicity
Hypertension

Lenvatinib had the highest probability of causing cardiovascular events and hypertension among nine FDA-approved VEGFR-TKIs. Vandetanib was also associated with a high risk of cardiotoxicity. Regorafenib and nintedanib did not show an increased risk of cardiac damage.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

16.

Axitinib after Sunitinib in Metastatic Renal Cancer: Preliminary Results from Italian "Real-World" SAX Study.

Author: D'AnielloCarmine, VitaleMaria G, FarnesiAzzurra, CalvettiLorenzo, LaterzaMaria M, CavaliereCarla, Della PepaChiara, ConteducaVincenza, CrispoAnna, De VitaFerdinando, GrilloneFrancesco, RicevutoEnrico, De TursiMichele, De VivoRocco, Di NapoliMarilena, CecereSabrina C, IovaneGelsomina, AmoreAlfonso, PiscitelliRaffaele, QuartoGiuseppe, PiscontiSalvatore, CilibertoGennaro, MaiolinoPiera, MutoPaolo, PerdonàSisto, BerrettaMassimiliano, NaglieriEmanuele, GalliLuca, CartenìGiacomo, De GiorgiUgo, PignataSandro, FacchiniGaetano, RossettiSabrina

mRCC treatment

Axitinib is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for kidney cancer patients who have progressed after other therapies. It has a median progression-free survival of 5.8 months and a median overall survival of 13.3 months.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Two-Drug Cocktail Active against RCC.

Author:

Cancer treatment

Avelumab and axitinib combined showed a 64% increase in progression-free survival compared to sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma patients. Response rates were 51% vs. 26%, with similar side effects in both groups.

NewsMedia reports that provide information on the latest events and information. Newspapers, television, and the Internet are the main media.

Language : English

19.

The Efficacy and Safety of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: A Retrospective Study of 32 Patients.

Author: MaKaifang, HongBaoan, ZhouJingcheng, GongYanqing, WangJiangyi, LiuShengjie, PengXiang, ZhouBowen, ZhangJiufeng, XieHaibiao, ZhangKenan, LiLei, CaiDesheng, WangZixin, CaiLin, GongKan

Tumor size reduction
VHL disease treatment
Alopecia
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Hand-foot skin reactions
Thrombocytopenia

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can help manage Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. This study found that TKIs like sunitinib and sorafenib resulted in partial responses in some patients with VHL-related tumors, with acceptable side effects. Further research is needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Inhibition of Axitinib on Buspirone Metabolism in vitro and in vivo.

Author: ZhangBo-Wen, PangNi-Hong, XuRen-Ai, QuGao-Er, TangCong-Rong

Increased buspirone side effects

Axitinib inhibited buspirone metabolism in vivo and in vitro, which increases the risk of the side effects of buspirone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Evaluating the safety and efficacy of axitinib in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Author: GunnarssonOrvar, PfanzelterNicklas R, CohenRoger B, KeefeStephen M

Renal cell carcinoma treatment
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Hypertension

Axitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effective in treating advanced kidney cancer (second-line treatment). It improves progression-free survival by 6.7 months compared to 4.7 months with sorafenib. Common side effects include hypertension (16%), diarrhea (11%), and fatigue (11%). Higher diastolic blood pressure (>90 mmHg) is linked to better survival outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Role of PARP and TRPM2 in VEGF Inhibitor-Induced Vascular Dysfunction.

Author: NevesKarla B, Alves-LopesRheure, MontezanoAugusto C, TouyzRhian M

Reduced blood pressure
Reduced vascular toxicity

PARP inhibition may help reduce vascular toxicity associated with VEGF inhibitors in cancer patients by mitigating reactive oxygen species production and calcium influx.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

[Side effect management of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in urology : Fatigue and hypothyroidism].

Author: SikicD, LüdeckeG, LiebV, KeckB

Improved patient compliance
Maximized therapeutic efficacy
Fatigue
Hypothyroidism

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective for kidney cancer, but fatigue and hypothyroidism are common side effects. This review aims to help clinicians manage these side effects to improve patient compliance and treatment efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

27.

Important Group Differences on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Kidney Symptom Index Disease-Related Symptoms in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Author: CellaDavid, MotzerRobert J, RiniBrian I, CappelleriJoseph C, RamaswamyKrishnan, HariharanSubramanian, ArondekarBhakti, BushmakinAndrew G

Between-group differences in FKSI-DRS scores as low as 1 point might be meaningful in patients undergoing treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This was determined using data from two pivotal phase III mRCC trials, with the important difference (ID) ranging between 0.62 and 1.3 points depending on the anchor used.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Plethora of agents, plethora of targets, plethora of side effects in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Author: SchmidingerManuela, BellmuntJoaquim

Improved RCC treatment
Bleeding
Diarrhea
Hand-foot skin reaction
Hematological abnormalities
Hypertension
Hypothyroidism
Metabolic abnormalities
Proteinuria
Skin rash
Stomatitis

Novel agents for treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma have a variety of side effects, many related to their mechanisms of action, such as VEGF inhibition or multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

29.

A High-Content Screening of Anticancer Compounds Suggests the Multiple Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ponatinib for Repurposing in Neuroblastoma Therapy.

Author: SidarovichViktoryia, De MarianoMarilena, AveicSanja, PancherMichael, AdamiValentina, GattoPamela, PizziniSilvia, PasiniLuigi, CroceMichela, ParodiFederica, CimminoFlora, AvitabileMarianna, EmioniteLaura, CilliMichele, FerriniSilvano, PaganoAldo, CapassoMario, QuattroneAlessandro, ToniniGian Paolo, LongoLuca

NB treatment
Tumor growth inhibition

Researchers screened FDA-approved drugs to find new treatments for neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer. Two tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ponatinib and axitinib, showed promise in reducing tumor growth in cell and animal models. Ponatinib also reduced tumor invasion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Thyroid dysfunctions induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Author: FallahiPoupak, FerrariSilvia M, VitaRoberto, Di DomenicantonioAndrea, CorradoAlda, BenvengaSalvatore, AntonelliAlessandro

TKI anticancer therapy
Fatigue
Hypertension
Thyroid dysfunction

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are a new class of anticancer therapy but can cause significant side effects, including fatigue, hypertension, and thyroid dysfunction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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