Side Effects of bethanechol: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Several studies have shown that bethanechol can cause various side effects. 24 shows that bethanechol can reduce antimuscarinic side effects of nortriptyline in elderly patients with depression. 26 reports that a 15-year-old male experienced urinary retention after receiving clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additionally, 18 suggests that bethanechol may help diagnose chest pain caused by esophageal motility disorders, but also points out the risk of side effects. 6 examines the effects of bethanechol on postoperative urinary retention following anorectal surgery. The results show that bethanechol significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative urinary catheterization and should be considered as initial treatment for postoperative urinary retention. Further, 7 shows that bethanechol is effective in treating salivary gland dysfunction, similar to other cholinergic drugs such as pilocarpine. However, bethanechol also carries the risk of side effects and should be administered carefully based on the individual patient's situation.

Reasons for side effects

Bethanechol is a cholinergic drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for slowing the heart rate and promoting digestive activity. By stimulating these nerves, bethanechol can cause various side effects.

Common side effects

Gastrointestinal

Because bethanechol promotes gastrointestinal activity, it can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. 27 suggests that bethanechol can stimulate intestinal secretion, leading to diarrhea.

Urinary

Bethanechol promotes bladder contraction, so urinary side effects such as increased urinary frequency and urinary incontinence are possible. 6 reports that while bethanechol is effective for postoperative urinary retention, it can also cause side effects such as increased urinary frequency.

Cardiovascular

Bethanechol can slow the heart rate, so cardiovascular side effects such as bradycardia and hypotension are possible. 19 reports that in some patients, bethanechol can cause electrocardiogram abnormalities such as transient atrioventricular block. Additionally, 14 suggests that bethanechol may reduce cardiac excitability.

Other

Bethanechol can also cause side effects such as sweating, flushing, dizziness, and headache. 20 reports that while bethanechol increases salivary secretion, it can also cause side effects such as sweating.

Side effect management

Gastrointestinal side effects

If gastrointestinal side effects occur, measures such as eating small meals slowly and drinking plenty of fluids can be effective. 27 suggests that modulation of the endocannabinoid system may be an effective way to reduce side effects such as diarrhea caused by bethanechol.

Urinary side effects

If urinary side effects occur, measures such as not holding back urination and going to the toilet frequently and limiting fluid intake can be effective. 9 reports that while bethanechol is effective for urinary disorders caused by neurogenic bladder, side effects such as increased urinary frequency are a concern.

Cardiovascular side effects

If cardiovascular side effects occur, measures such as reducing the dosage of bethanechol under a doctor's supervision can be effective. It is also important to perform tests such as electrocardiograms before administering bethanechol. 14 indicates that bethanechol may reduce cardiac excitability, so caution is needed when administering it to patients with heart disease.

Other side effects

If other side effects occur, consult your doctor.

Comparison between studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have shown that bethanechol can cause various side effects.

Differences

Each study has different objectives and target patients, leading to differences in the observed side effects. 24 investigates the effects of bethanechol in elderly patients with depression. On the other hand, 26 reports urinary retention as a side effect of clomipramine in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. As shown in these examples, the side effects of bethanechol can vary depending on the administered drug and the patient's condition.

Cautions for real-life application

Bethanechol is used to treat various diseases, but it also carries the risk of side effects. When using bethanechol, follow your doctor's instructions and avoid self-medication or discontinuation. If you experience side effects while using bethanechol, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of current research

Research on the side effects of bethanechol is not yet fully comprehensive. More research is needed, especially regarding long-term side effects and side effects in specific patient populations.

Future research directions

To further investigate the side effects of bethanechol, more research is needed, including long-term follow-up studies and comparative studies of side effects in various patient populations.

Conclusion

Bethanechol is an effective drug for treating various diseases, but it also carries the risk of side effects. When using bethanechol, follow your doctor's instructions and avoid self-medication or discontinuation. If you experience side effects, consult your doctor immediately.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Anorgasmy treatment
Impotence treatment
1
Gastroesophageal reflux treatment
2
Improves sexual function
3
Effective bladder and sphincter relaxants
Management of prostate cancer
Pharmacological management for genitourinary problems
Treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy
Treatment for urinary tract infections
Treatment options for impotence
4
Improved quality of life
No compromised cancer treatment
Reduced xerostomia
5
Urinary retention treatment
6
Increased salivation
7
Antisecretory effect
Gastric acid secretion inhibition
Gastric lesion prevention
8
Improve flow rate
Improve voiding
Reduce residual urine
9
Anal fissure healing
10
Relieves anticholinergic side effects
11
Treat dry mouth
12
Improved salivary flow
Reduced anticholinergic side effects
13
Counteracts urination disorders
Relieves anticholinergic side effects
14
Gastrointestinal prokinetic
15
Promoted healing of oesophagitis
Relieved reflux symptoms
16
Conservative treatment
GER treatment
17
Chest pain diagnosis
Esophageal pain diagnosis
18
Improved diagnostic accuracy
19
Improved quality of life
Increased saliva production
20
Treat gastrointestinal motility disorders
21
Gastroesophageal reflux treatment
22
Esophagitis improvement
GER improvement
23
Reduced antimuscarinic side effects
24
Schizophrenia treatment
25
Obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment
26
Antisecretory effect
Effective treatment
No CNS side effects
27
Hospital malnutrition treatment
28
Gastric emptying increase
29
Risk Keywords
Side effects
3
Cardiovascular risks with bethanechol chloride
Cardiovascular side effects with diethylstilbestrol
Discretion needed for testosterone
Limited use of oral agents for impotence
Questionable value of yohimbine
4
Allergic response
High cost
Hypotension
Nausea
Vomiting
5
Side effects
6
Side effects
7
No significant side effects
9
Headache
10
None mentioned
12
None reported
14
Side effects
15
Side effects
16
Bethanechol contraindicated
Surgery required
17
Expensive
Side effects
Uncomfortable
18
Atrioventricular block
19
Dizziness
Frequent urination
Increased sweating
20
Side effects
21
Surgical complications
22
Repair competency declines
Surgery may be needed
23
Side effects
24
Constipation
Ileus
25
Urinary retention
26
Gastrointestinal side effects
Respiratory side effects
28
Side effects
29
Difficult to administer
More side effects
30
Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
28
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
5
0
0
10
29
1.

Reversal by bethanechol of sexual dysfunction caused by anticholinergic antidepressants.

Author: GrossM D

Anorgasmy treatment
Impotence treatment

Bethanechol, a cholinergic drug, effectively relieved impotence in two men and anorgasmy in one woman, without any reported side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

2.

Prokinetic therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Author: RobinsonM

Gastroesophageal reflux treatment

Cisapride, a new prokinetic agent, has a low incidence of side effects and is effective in treating reflux symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

[Antidepressants and sexual stimulation: the correlation].

Author: ChebiliS, AbaoubA, MezouaneB, Le GoffJ F

Improves sexual function
Side effects

This study investigates the correlation between antidepressant treatment and sexual stimulation. Viloxazine, an atypical antidepressant, was found to have a desinhibiting effect on sex drive. Moclobemide was shown to improve all components of sexual function.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : French

5.

Insufficient evidence for interventions to prevent dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction post head and neck radiotherapy.

Author: FerraioloDebra M, Veitz-KeenanAnalia

Improved quality of life
No compromised cancer treatment
Reduced xerostomia
Allergic response
High cost
Hypotension
Nausea
Vomiting

Amifostine, compared to placebo, may reduce the risk of xerostomia after radiotherapy, but evidence is low quality and its benefits should be weighed against its cost and side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
CommentA short article/note that provides an opinion/perspective/interpretation on a published paper/topic.

Language : English

6.

The use of anxiolytic and parasympathomimetic agents in the treatment of postoperative urinary retention following anorectal surgery. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.

Author: GottesmanL, MilsomJ W, MazierW P

Urinary retention treatment
Side effects

This randomized, double-blind trial investigated the effectiveness of midazolam (an anxiolytic) and bethanechol (a parasympathomimetic) in reducing postoperative urinary retention after anorectal surgery. Bethanechol significantly reduced the incidence of retention, while midazolam had no effect. The study suggests that bethanechol should be considered as the initial treatment for postoperative urinary retention after anorectal surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Pilocarpine and other cholinergic drugs in the management of salivary gland dysfunction.

Author: FergusonM M

Increased salivation
Side effects

This review discussed the use of sialagogues, particularly pilocarpine, in the management of salivary gland dysfunction. Pilocarpine is an effective treatment for salivary gland dysfunction, with doses ranging from 1 to 15 mg taken four times a day.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

[Clinical evaluation of bunazosin hydrochloride for the treatment of voiding disturbances due to neurogenic bladder--a double-blind study].

Author: KoyanagiT, TogashiM, MaruA, OrikasaS, SomaF, ShimazakiJ, YasudaK, AsoY, HonmaY, MiyakeK

Improve flow rate
Improve voiding
Reduce residual urine
No significant side effects

Bunazosin hydrochloride improved objective findings in patients with neurogenic bladder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : Japanese

10.

Topical diltiazem and bethanechol decrease anal sphincter pressure and heal anal fissures without side effects.

Author: CarapetiE A, KammM A, PhillipsR K

Anal fissure healing
Headache

Topical glyceryl trinitrate is a medication that can heal anal fissures, but a majority of patients experience headaches. Topical gels of diltiazem and bethanechol, which lower anal sphincter pressure, are being investigated for the treatment of chronic anal fissures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

A clinical trial of bethanechol in patients with xerostomia after radiation therapy. A pilot study.

Author: EpsteinJ B, BurchellJ L, EmertonS, LeN D, SilvermanS

Treat dry mouth
None mentioned

Bethanechol, a cholinergic drug, was tested for its effectiveness in treating dry mouth (xerostomia) in patients who had undergone radiation therapy to the head and neck. Bethanechol significantly increased both resting and stimulated saliva production, suggesting its potential benefit in alleviating xerostomia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Treatment of nortriptyline's side effects in elderly patients: a double-blind study of bethanechol.

Author: RosenJ, PollockB G, AltieriL P, JonasE A

Improved salivary flow
Reduced anticholinergic side effects

This study found that bethanechol reduced subjective complaints of anticholinergic side effects in elderly depressed patients being treated with nortriptyline. The potential use of bethanechol to improve compliance with medication regimens in older patients is discussed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

15.

[Prokinetic drugs in gastrointestinal motility. Their application in pediatrics].

Author: Ramírez-MayansJ A, Rivera-EchegoyenM, Casaubón-GarcínP, MichelR J

Gastrointestinal prokinetic
Side effects

Gastrointestinal prokinetic drugs are used to improve motility and reduce symptoms in children. These drugs have various indications, side effects, and dosages depending on the specific drug and patient characteristics.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Spanish

16.

Review article: promotility drugs in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

Author: RamirezB, RichterJ E

Promoted healing of oesophagitis
Relieved reflux symptoms
Side effects

This review discusses prokinetic agents, which are drugs that increase contractile force and accelerate intraluminal transit. The most widely studied agents include bethanechol, metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

[Pharmacologic effects and safety profile of bethanechol in the differential diagnosis of pseudo-anginal thoracic pain].

Author: MastrapasquaG, BonavinaL, AnselminoM, MadiaD, De VidoL, BaessatoM, SuzziG

Improved diagnostic accuracy
Atrioventricular block

Bethanecol, a cholinergic drug, was found to be safe and well tolerated in patients undergoing esophageal functional studies, despite its limited diagnostic value.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Italian

20.

The efficacy of pilocarpine and bethanechol upon saliva production in cancer patients with hyposalivation following radiation therapy.

Author: GorskyMeir, EpsteinJoel B, ParryJamie, EpsteinMatthew S, LeNhu D, SilvermanSol

Improved quality of life
Increased saliva production
Dizziness
Frequent urination
Increased sweating

Pilocarpine and bethanechol had limited efficacy in increasing saliva production in patients with dry mouth following cancer therapy. Both medications were associated with subjective improvement in symptoms, suggesting that resting saliva production may be more important for patient satisfaction than stimulated saliva production.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Prokinetic agents for lower gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Author: LongoW E, VernavaA M

Treat gastrointestinal motility disorders
Side effects

Prokinetic agents are being investigated for the treatment of motility disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract, with cisapride showing promise for patients with colonic motility disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Wrap session: is the Nissen slipping? Can medical treatment replace surgery for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease in children?

Author: HassallE

Gastroesophageal reflux treatment
Surgical complications

Omeprazole was shown to be an effective and safe treatment for severe childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that was refractory to other medical treatments and antireflux surgery.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Nortriptyline in the hospitalized elderly: tolerance and side effect reduction.

Author: RosenJ, SweetR, PollockB G, MulsantB H

Reduced antimuscarinic side effects
Side effects

Nortriptyline (NT) was generally well tolerated in elderly depressed inpatients. Bethanechol effectively reduced antimuscarinic side effects associated with NT.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

Clomipramine-induced urinary dysfunction in an obsessive-compulsive adolescent.

Author: HermeshH, AizenbergD, WeizmanA, LapidotM, MunitzH

Obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment
Urinary retention

Clomipramine, given for obsessive-compulsive disorder, can cause urinary retention, even in younger individuals. The severity of side effects may necessitate complete withdrawal of the drug.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

28.

Enteral feeding associated gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration pneumonia: a review.

Author: KaziN, MobarhanS

Hospital malnutrition treatment
Gastrointestinal side effects
Respiratory side effects

Enteral feeding is a safe and less expensive alternative to parenteral feeding for hospitalized patients but can be associated with gastrointestinal and respiratory side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

29.

Effect of metoclopramide and bethanechol on gastric emptying in infants.

Author: HymanP E, AbramsC, DuboisA

Gastric emptying increase
Side effects

Metoclopramide (1 mg/kg IV) significantly increased gastric emptying rate in 8 out of 10 infants with gastrointestinal motor disorders compared to bethanechol (0.075 mg/kg SC). No side effects were reported.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

30.

Bethanechol versus antiacids in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.

Author: LeviP, MarmoF, SaluzzoC, Dell'OlioD, AnsaldiN, GiulianiL, GuardamagnaO, MostertM, PonzoneA

Difficult to administer
More side effects

Bethanechol was no more effective than antiacids in treating gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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