Effective treatment of calcium: A Synthesis of Findings from 10 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Key Research Findings

Several studies have investigated the effects of calcium on various health conditions, revealing a complex picture with both potential benefits and risks. 1 found that calcium carbonate supplementation in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia modestly reduced LDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol levels. 7 suggested that both calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate, when combined with teriparatide, effectively promote bone building in patients with osteoporosis. However, 8 raised concerns about calcium supplements increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, while recommending dietary calcium sources as potentially safer. Additionally, 10 explored the interaction of calcium-free phosphate binders with cinacalcet, a calcium-sensing receptor agonist, in incident dialysis patients. It suggested that cinacalcet combined with a calcium-free phosphate binder could improve survival. 9 highlighted the effectiveness of magnesium carbonate in managing calcium-phosphorus imbalances in dialysis patients, but also emphasized the need for careful monitoring of serum calcium levels.

Treatment Summary

Various treatment approaches involving calcium have been explored. 1 suggests that calcium carbonate can be a complementary treatment to diet for managing mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. 7 highlights the potential of both calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate in supporting bone building when used in conjunction with teriparatide for osteoporosis. 9 emphasizes the effectiveness of magnesium carbonate for managing calcium-phosphorus imbalances in dialysis patients, although it should be used cautiously in individuals with low serum calcium levels. 10 explores the potential of cinacalcet combined with calcium-free phosphate binders to enhance survival in incident dialysis patients.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Calcium can contribute to bone health, potentially reducing bone loss and promoting bone building. 7 , 6 It may also play a role in managing cholesterol levels. 1 Furthermore, specific calcium-containing treatments like those explored in 4 and 10 have shown promise in addressing secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients and potentially improving survival.

Risks Summary

Excessive calcium intake, particularly from supplements, is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. 8 Calcium supplements may also increase the risk of kidney stones. 5 Furthermore, high levels of calcium in the blood, known as hypercalcemia, can be a potential concern, particularly in the context of specific treatments like those involving alfacalcidol. 3

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

These studies underscore the importance of calcium in various physiological processes and health conditions. However, they also highlight the need for careful consideration of individual factors and potential risks associated with calcium intake.

Differences

The studies differ in their focus, patient populations, treatment modalities, and outcomes measured. For example, 1 investigates the impact of calcium carbonate on cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients, while 9 focuses on magnesium carbonate's effect on calcium-phosphorus balance in dialysis patients. These variations in study design and scope make direct comparisons challenging.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While some studies point to beneficial effects of calcium on bone health and cholesterol levels, others raise concerns about increased risks of cardiovascular disease and kidney stones. 8 This highlights the complexity of calcium's role in health and the importance of personalized approaches based on individual needs and risk factors.

Implications for Real-Life Applications

When it comes to calcium intake, moderation is key. It's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional to determine appropriate calcium intake based on individual needs and risk factors. 8 Dietary sources of calcium, as opposed to supplements, might be preferable due to potential cardiovascular risks associated with supplements. 8 Additionally, if considering calcium supplements, it's crucial to be aware of potential risks of kidney stones and hypercalcemia. 5 , 3

Limitations of Current Research

The studies reviewed have limitations. They may have a limited sample size, a specific patient population, or a short follow-up period. This can restrict the generalizability of findings. Additionally, the relationship between calcium intake and cardiovascular risk requires further investigation with larger, long-term studies.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationship between calcium intake, various health conditions, and potential risks. More comprehensive studies are required, particularly focusing on the long-term effects of calcium on cardiovascular health. Investigating the optimal dosage and form of calcium for different populations and specific health conditions is also essential.

Conclusion

Calcium is a vital mineral playing a role in various physiological processes, with potential benefits for bone health and cholesterol management. However, it's important to be aware of potential risks associated with excessive intake, especially from supplements. Individual needs and risk factors should be considered, and guidance from a healthcare professional is recommended to determine appropriate calcium intake. Further research is needed to better understand the complex interplay between calcium and overall health.

Treatment List

Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium supplements, phosphate binders, teriparatide, dietary therapy, alendronate, cinacalcet, magnesium carbonate

Literature analysis of 10 papers
Positive Content
9
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
9
1
0
0
10
1.

Cholesterol-lowering effects of calcium carbonate in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Author: BellL, HalstensonC E, HalstensonC J, MacresM, KeaneW F

Cholesterol lowering
Well-tolerated

Calcium carbonate modestly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. It was well tolerated with no significant adverse effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Biochemical short-term changes produced by hormonal replacement therapy.

Author: AloiaJ F, VaswaniA, YehJ K, McGowanD M, RossP

Osteoporosis treatment

This study investigated the effects of estrogen-progestin therapy, calcium supplementation, and a combination of both on bone metabolism in 71 postmenopausal women. While estrogen therapy led to significant changes in bone metabolism markers, including a decrease in bone turnover and an increase in calcium-regulating hormones, calcium supplementation alone did not significantly affect these markers. The study suggests that estrogen therapy may be more effective than calcium supplementation alone in improving bone health, and that further research is needed to assess the effects of higher calcium intake and the potential for additive effects of both treatments.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

A comparative study of cholecalciferol, dihydrotachysterol and alfacalcidol in the treatment of elderly patients with hypocalcaemia.

Author: HamdyR C, ColesJ A, DowneyL J

Hypocalcemia treatment
Hypercalcemia

This study compared the effectiveness of three treatments for low calcium levels in 50 elderly patients. All treatments (dihydrotachysterol, cholecalciferol, and alfacalcidol) were successful in restoring normal calcium levels within two weeks. While alfacalcidol caused high calcium levels in some patients, this resolved quickly after stopping the medication. Dihydrotachysterol and cholecalciferol did not cause high calcium levels, requiring less frequent monitoring. A single injection of cholecalciferol also eliminates the need for consistent medication taking.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

A controlled trial of the early treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcitriol in hemodialysis patients.

Author: DelmezJ A, KelberJ, NorwoodK Y, GilesK S, SlatopolskyE

Treats secondary hyperparathyroidism
Limited efficacy in severe cases

This study discusses the use of calcitriol in treating secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients and its limitations in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Risk of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium or combined calcium and estrogen.

Author: DomrongkitchaipornSomnuek, OngphiphadhanakulBoonsong, StitchantrakulWasana, ChansirikarnSirinthorn, PuavilaiGobchai, RajatanavinRajata

Reduce bone mass loss
Calcium oxalate stone formation

This study found that calcium supplements or combined calcium and estrogen therapy did not increase calcium oxalate supersaturation in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, suggesting these treatments are safe in terms of calcium oxalate stone formation risk.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Treatment with alendronate plus calcium, alendronate alone, or calcium alone for postmenopausal low bone mineral density.

Author: BonnickSydney, BroySusan, KaiserFran, TeutschCarol, RosenbergElizabeth, DeLuccaPaul, MeltonMary

Increased bone density
Reduced bone turnover

In postmenopausal women with a daily intake of > or =800 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin D, 24-month treatment with alendronate 10 mg daily with or without calcium 1000 mg resulted in significantly greater increases in BMD and reduction of bone turnover than supplemental calcium alone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Phosphate and carbonate salts of calcium support robust bone building in osteoporosis.

Author: HeaneyRobert P, ReckerRobert R, WatsonPatrice, LappeJoan M

Improved bone building
Increased bone mineral density

Tricalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate were approximately equally effective in supporting bone building with teriparatide in patients with restricted phosphorus intakes. Phosphate salt may be preferable in these patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

8.

Cardiovascular effects of calcium supplementation.

Author: ReidI R, BollandM J, AvenellA, GreyA

Fracture risk reduction
Cardiovascular disease risk

A meta-analysis of trials suggests that calcium supplements may increase the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, even when combined with vitamin D. Food sources of calcium may be preferable.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

[The influence of short-term magnesium carbonate treatment on calcium-phosphorus balance in dialysis patients].

Author: ZwiechRafał, DryjaPrzemysław, ŁacinaDominik, KróliczakVioletta, ChrulSławomir, KacprzykFeliks

Hyperphosphatemia treatment

Magnesium carbonate was found to be effective in treating calcium-phosphorus disorders in hemodialysis patients. Compared to sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate showed the highest reduction in phosphate levels and the most significant improvement in calcium-phosphorus balance.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Polish

10.

Cinacalcet but not vitamin D use modulates the survival benefit associated with sevelamer in the INDEPENDENT study.

Author: BellasiAntonio, CozzolinoMario, RussoDomenico, MolonyDonald, Di IorioBiagio

Improved survival

Sevelamer, a calcium-free phosphate binder, was associated with improved survival in incident hemodialysis patients. Cinacalcet use was associated with improved survival when combined with sevelamer, but not with calcium-containing phosphate binders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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