Side Effects of emtricitabine: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major findings

Emtricitabine is an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV-infected individuals. 20 、 25 、 16 、 15 、 7 、 1 、 21 These studies have shown that emtricitabine is effective in suppressing HIV. However, some side effects have also been reported. 12 、 13 、 19 、 9 、 24 、 22 、 3 、 4

Reasons for side effects

The reasons for the side effects of emtricitabine are not yet fully understood. However, as suggested in 13 , emtricitabine may affect nerve cells and induce inflammation. Also, as shown in 9 , emtricitabine may affect lipid metabolism and increase blood lipid levels. These effects may cause the side effects of emtricitabine.

Common side effects

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

Emtricitabine can cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. 12 、 19 、 24 These symptoms include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, decreased concentration, depression, anxiety, and hallucinations.

Metabolic abnormalities

Emtricitabine can affect lipid metabolism and increase blood lipid levels. 9 These symptoms include hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

Kidney damage

Emtricitabine can cause kidney damage. 22 Symptoms of kidney damage include proteinuria, edema, and hematuria.

Countermeasures for side effects

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

If you experience neuropsychiatric symptoms, consult your doctor. If necessary, the drug will be changed or treatment such as psychotherapy will be performed.

Metabolic abnormalities

If you experience metabolic abnormalities, consult your doctor. If necessary, your diet will be improved or your medication will be changed.

Kidney damage

If you experience kidney damage, consult your doctor. If necessary, the drug will be changed or treatment such as dialysis will be performed.

Comparison between studies

Common points of research

These studies have shown that emtricitabine is effective in suppressing HIV. However, some side effects have also been reported.

Differences in research

In these studies, the type and severity of emtricitabine side effects, as well as the risk factors for developing side effects, differed from study to study.

Precautions for application in real life

Emtricitabine is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV, but the risk of side effects is not zero. It is important to understand the side effects and take emtricitabine according to your doctor's instructions.

Limitations of current research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of emtricitabine. In particular, more research is needed on long-term side effects and risk factors for developing side effects.

Future research directions

It is necessary to further research on the side effects of emtricitabine. In particular, research on long-term side effects and risk factors for developing side effects is needed.

Conclusion

Emtricitabine is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV, but the risk of side effects is not zero. It is important to understand the side effects and take emtricitabine according to your doctor's instructions. There is still not enough research on the side effects of emtricitabine. More research is needed on long-term side effects and risk factors for developing side effects.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
5
0
0
3
24
1.

Results from a Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Project for At-risk Cisgender Women in the United States.

Author: BlumenthalJill, JainSonia, HeFeng, AmicoK Rivet, KofronRyan, EllorinEric, StockmanJamila K, PsarosChristina, NtimGifty M, ChowKaren, AndersonPeter L, HaubrichRichard, CoradoKatya, MooreDavid J, MorrisSheldon, LandovitzRaphael J

This report presents results from the first US observational open-label demonstration project of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among at-risk cisgender women using daily oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC). The study provides important data on the effectiveness of PrEP in reducing HIV acquisition among this population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Investigational drugs with dual activity against HBV and HIV (Review).

Author: SunShiyu, YangQing, ShengYunjian, FuYi, SunChangfeng, DengCunliang

HIV/HBV coinfection treatment
Drug resistance
Side effects

This review outlines the mechanisms, safety and efficacy of certain drugs that have been investigated for dual activity against HBV and HIV.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

The potential role of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) single-tablet regimen in the expanding spectrum of fixed-dose combination therapy for HIV.

Author: StellbrinkH-J, LazzarinA, WoolleyI, LlibreJ M

HIV treatment
STR treatment
Comorbidities
Drug side effects

Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF), a single-tablet regimen for HIV, offers a high barrier against resistance and is non-inferior to other regimens in terms of efficacy, making it a valuable option for managing HIV-related comorbidities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Prophylaxis by doravirine-lamivudine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or elvitegravir-cobicistat-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide after sexual exposure to HIV.

Author: DevredInès, KayembeKick, ValinNadia, RougierHayette, ShingaBruce Wuembulua, Lambert-NiclotSidonie, ChiarabiniThibault, MeyohasMarie-Caroline, LacombeKarine

HIV PEP

This study compares the completion rates of doravirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine (DOR/3TC/TDF) and elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (EVG/c/FTC/TAF) for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The study found that DOR/3TC/TDF had a similar safety profile to EVG/c/FTC/TAF, with a comparable completion rate and no cases of seroconversion. DOR/3TC/TDF may be a cost-effective treatment option for PEP in the context of HIV-exposure accidents.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single-Dose Tenofovir Vaginal Film and Gel Formulation (FAME 05).

Author: RobinsonJennifer A, MarzinkeMark A, FuchsEdward J, BakshiRahul P, SpiegelHans M L, ColemanJenell S, RohanLisa C, HendrixCraig W

Alternative to gels
Higher TFV levels
Improved adherence
Mild adverse effects

A single-dose tenofovir film demonstrated consistently higher concentrations in plasma and cervicovaginal samples when compared with tenofovir gel during the first day after dosing. Tenofovir film may provide an alternative to tenofovir oral and gel formulations. Clinical efficacy remains to be tested.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

8.

Efficacy and safety of switching from boosted protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to single-tablet darunavir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide at 48 weeks in adults with virologically suppressed HIV-1 (EMERALD): a phase 3, randomised, non-inferiority trial.

Author: OrkinChloe, MolinaJean-Michel, NegredoEugenia, ArribasJosé R, GatheJoseph, EronJoseph J, Van LanduytErika, LathouwersErkki, HufkensVeerle, PetrovicRomana, VanveggelSimon, OpsomerMagda,

Reduced pill burden
Single-tablet regimen
Side effects

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of switching to a single-tablet regimen of darunavir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus continuing a regimen of boosted protease inhibitor, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in people living with HIV.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Equivalence TrialA clinical trial designed to show that a new treatment is equivalent in efficacy/safety to an existing treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Switching efavirenz to rilpivirine in virologically suppressed adolescents with HIV: a multi-centre 48-week efficacy and safety study in Thailand.

Author: PhongsamartWanatpreeya, JantarabenjakulWatsamon, ChantaratinSasitorn, AnugulruengkittSuvaporn, SuntarattiwongPiyarat, SirikuttPakpen, KosalaraksaPope, MaleesatharnAlan, ChokephaibulkitKulkanya

HIV treatment
Improved tolerability
Metabolic side effects
Neuropsychiatric side effects

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of switching HIV-positive adolescents from efavirenz to rilpivirine-based antiretroviral therapy, assessing both immunologic and virologic outcomes over 48 weeks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Morphine counteracts the antiviral effect of antiretroviral drugs and causes upregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and histone-modifying enzymes in HIV-infected astrocytes.

Author: RodriguezMyosotys, LapierreJessica, OjhaChet Raj, PawitwarShashank, KaruppanMohan Kumar Muthu, KashanchiFatah, El-HageNazira

HIV replication inhibition
Mitochondrial damage
Neurological disorder

Antiretroviral drugs, specifically emtricitabine, ritonavir, and atazanavir, showed anti-HIV effects in HIV-infected human astrocytes. However, co-exposure with morphine negated these effects, leading to increased viral replication and inflammation. This suggests that opioid co-exposure may exacerbate the neurological complications associated with long-term antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Daily or on-demand oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: experience from a hospital-based clinic in France.

Author: NoretMarion, BalavoineStéphanie, PintadoClaire, SiguierMartin, BrunAlexandre, BauerRebecca, LozeBénédicte, LeplatoisAnne, AslanAlexandre, MoudachirouKhafil, DelaugerreConstance, RozenbaumWilly, MolinaJean-Michel

Increased condomless sex
Low HIV incidence
Gastrointestinal side effects
Increased bacterial STIs

On-demand PrEP with TDF/FTC was associated with a low HIV incidence and a high rate of condomless sex in high-risk MSM, with a modest increase in bacterial STIs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

15.

Daily and non-daily pre-exposure prophylaxis in African women (HPTN 067/ADAPT Cape Town Trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial.

Author: BekkerLinda-Gail, RouxSurita, SebastienElaine, YolaNtando, AmicoK Rivet, HughesJames P, MarzinkeMark A, HendrixCraig W, AndersonPeter L, ElharrarVanessa, StirrattMichael, RooneyJames F, Piwowar-ManningEstelle, EshlemanSusan H, McKinstryLaura, LiMaoji, DyeBonnie J, GrantRobert M,

PrEP coverage

This randomized, open-label, phase 2 clinical trial investigated the feasibility of non-daily regimens of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in adult women. The study found that daily PrEP dosing resulted in higher coverage of sex events, increased adherence to the regimen, and augmented drug concentrations than did time-driven or event-driven dosing.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: clinical guidelines.

Author: WrightEdwina, GrulichAndrew, RoyKaty, BoydMark, CornelisseVincent, RussellDarren, O'DonnellDarryl, WhittakerBill, CrooksLevinia, ZablotskaIryna

These guidelines support the use of daily pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with co-formulated tenofovir and emtricitabine as a key HIV-prevention option for individuals at substantial risk of HIV acquisition.

EditorialAn article in which the editor or publisher expresses their opinion or perspective on a particular topic or issue. Its purpose is to convey a specific message or idea to the reader.

Language : English

17.

De-simplifying single-tablet antiretroviral treatments for cost savings in France: From the patient perspectives to a 6-month follow-up on generics.

Author: GiraudJean-Stephane, DoisneMelanie, Chan Hew WaiAurelie, MajerholcCatherine, FournErwan, SejeanKarine, TrichereauJulie, BonanBrigitte, ZucmanDavid

HIV treatment cost reduction

This study aimed to study HIV-infected patients' acceptability to switch from a brand single-tablet regimens to a treatment comprising of two pills: one is a fixed-dose generic combination of 2 Nucleoside Analogs and the second tablet is the third antiretroviral.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

18.

Tenofovir alafenamide plus dolutegravir as a switch strategy in HIV-infected patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Author: AlavianGolbarg, AbbasianLadan, KhaliliHossein, AlinaghiSeyed Ahmad Seyed, HasannezhadMalihe, AshtianiMasoumeh Farrokh, ManshadiSeyed Ali Dehghan

Effective maintenance therapy
HIV treatment simplification

Treatment simplification with tenofovir alafenamide plus dolutegravir regimen as maintenance therapy was non-inferior in terms of efficacy and safety compared to the standard triple therapy in virologically suppressed people living with HIV. The study involved 630 participants and lasted 48 weeks.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Cytochrome 2B6 polymorphism and efavirenz-induced central nervous system symptoms : a substudy of the ANRS ALIZE trial.

Author: GallienS, JournotV, LoriotM-A, SauvageonH, MorlatP, ReynesJ, ReliquetV, ChêneG, MolinaJ-M,

CNS symptoms

Genetic variations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6 gene have been linked to significant differences in efavirenz pharmacokinetics. However, clinical data on the relationship between CYP2B6 polymorphisms and efavirenz-induced central nervous system (CNS) symptoms is limited.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Cost-Effectiveness of Long-Acting Injectable HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Author: NeilanAnne M, LandovitzRaphael J, LeMylinh H, GrinsztejnBeatriz, FreedbergKenneth A, McCauleyMarybeth, WattananimitgulNattanicha, CohenMyron S, CiaranelloAndrea L, ClementMeredith E, ReddyKrishna P, HyleEmily P, PaltielA David, WalenskyRochelle P

CAB-LA
HIV prevention
Price premium

Long-acting injectable cabotegravir (CAB-LA) for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could achieve an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of at most $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) compared with generic emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Renal profile of patients treated with elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine: 120-week results from a real-world cohort.

Author: Rotea-SalvoSandra, Martínez-PradedaAlejandro, Fernández-OliveiraCarla, Giménez-ArufeVictor, Balboa-BarreiroVanesa, Margusino-FramiñánLuis, Mena-De-CeaÁlvaro, Vázquez-RodríguezPilar, Castro-IglesiasÁngeles, López-CalvoSoledad, Martín-HerranzIsabel, Míguez-ReyEnrique, Cid-SilvaPurificación

Renal safety
Adverse events

This retrospective observational study evaluated modifications in the renal safety profile of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (EVG/c/FTC/TAF) and dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (DTG/ABC/3TC) in a large real-world cohort of HIV-infected patients. The results showed that serum creatinine improved in both groups among experienced patients, while it remained stable in naive patients. Statistically significant differences in serum creatinine were observed between the two treatment groups, with EVG/c/FTC/TAF showing a lower serum creatinine level.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

24.

[Sleep disorders related to HIV treatment.]

Author: Vélez-Díaz-PallarésManuel, Esteban-CartelleBeatriz, Gramage-CaroTeresa, Montero-LlorenteBeatriz, Parro-MartínMaría de Los Ángeles, Rodríguez-SagradoMiguel Ángel, Álvarez-DíazAna María

Improved sleep quality
Sleep disturbances

This study aimed to analyze the influence of bictegravir and dolutegravir, two integrase inhibitors commonly used for HIV treatment, on sleep quality in HIV patients.

Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

25.

PrEP 1.0 and Beyond: Optimizing a Biobehavioral Intervention.

Author: MayerKenneth H, Allan-BlitzLao-Tzu

PrEP for HIV prevention
PrEP access barriers

This review highlights the effectiveness and challenges of PrEP in preventing HIV transmission. While daily TDF/FTC is highly effective, barriers to uptake and adherence remain. New approaches are being explored, such as less frequent dosing and alternative delivery methods.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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