Effects of lamivudine and zidovudine: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Lamivudine and zidovudine are commonly used antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment. Studies have shown that these drugs can affect metabolic and neurological functions. 27 found that oral administration of lamivudine and zidovudine in mice led to cognitive and motor impairments, as well as metabolic imbalances, including changes in leptin serum levels. Lopinavir/Ritonavir (PI) was also found to cause similar impairments. 10 demonstrated the efficacy of abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine as a maintenance therapy following standard triple antiretroviral induction. However, 5 suggests that the formulation of lamivudine and zidovudine can affect pharmacokinetics in children with HIV-1.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Lamivudine and zidovudine are effective in suppressing HIV viral load and improving immune function in HIV-infected individuals. 10 showed that abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine is effective as a maintenance therapy, indicating long-term viral suppression potential. 4 reported that lamivudine and zidovudine demonstrated comparable immunovirological effectiveness to nevirapine combination.

Risks Summary

Lamivudine and zidovudine have potential risks associated with metabolic and neurological complications. 27 observed cognitive and motor impairments in mice after lamivudine and zidovudine administration. 16 suggests that lamivudine and zidovudine may affect leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Additionally, 22 highlights the risk of mitochondrial disease in children exposed to lamivudine and zidovudine in utero.

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities

Multiple studies have consistently shown that lamivudine and zidovudine are effective in treating HIV infection. 10 and 4 both reported comparable effectiveness to other antiretroviral drug combinations.

Differences

The results regarding side effects and impact of lamivudine and zidovudine vary across studies. 27 observed cognitive and motor impairments in mice, while 10 reported good tolerability in human subjects. These discrepancies might be due to different study populations and methodologies.

Consistency and Contradictions of Results

While various studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of lamivudine and zidovudine in HIV treatment, the results regarding side effects and impact differ. Further investigation is needed, particularly concerning neurological and metabolic effects. 27 suggests potential neurological and metabolic effects in mice, but human studies haven't provided definitive conclusions. Long-term studies in humans are needed for a better understanding.

Practical Implications

Lamivudine and zidovudine are effective antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment, but it's crucial to be aware of their potential side effects. Specifically, caution should be exercised regarding neurological and metabolic complications. 27 demonstrated these potential effects in mice. Consult a doctor if you experience any neurological or metabolic abnormalities during treatment.

Limitations of Current Research

Long-term effects and side effects of lamivudine and zidovudine are not fully understood. 16 and 22 highlighted potential effects on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and mitochondrial disease development. Further research is necessary to understand the long-term health consequences of these effects.

Future Research Directions

Large-scale human studies are required to investigate long-term effects and side effects of lamivudine and zidovudine, particularly on neurological and metabolic functions. Further research is also needed to explore other potential health problems associated with these drugs. 7 indicated potential synergistic effects with other medications, and further research on drug interactions is essential.

Conclusion

Lamivudine and zidovudine are effective antiretroviral drugs for HIV treatment, but understanding their potential side effects is crucial. Pay close attention to neurological and metabolic complications. 27 demonstrated these potential effects in mice. If you experience any neurological symptoms or metabolic abnormalities during treatment, consult a doctor. Long-term effects and side effects of lamivudine and zidovudine require further investigation. More research will lead to safer and more effective HIV treatments.

Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
4
Article Type
12
0
0
3
29
1.

Quantitative assessment of postsurgical breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier following administration of 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine solution. A double-masked, paired comparison with vehicle-placebo solution study.

Author: FlachA J, GrahamJ, KrugerL P, StegmanR C, TanenbaumL

Blood-aqueous barrier recovery
Cataract surgery recovery

Ketorolac tromethamine solution was found to be more effective than a vehicle placebo in reducing blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after cataract surgery, as measured by fluorophotometry. Ketorolac was well-tolerated and had no effect on intraocular pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Lamivudine/zidovudine: paediatric indication. For certain HIV-infected children.

Author:

Less frequent dosing
Less flexibility

This medication has less frequent dosing but less flexibility than separate oral solutions for each drug.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Development of HIV-1 drug resistance through 144 weeks in antiretroviral-naïve subjects on emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz compared with lamivudine/zidovudine and efavirenz in study GS-01-934.

Author: MargotNicolas A, EnejosaJeff, ChengAndrew K, MillerMichael D, McCollDamian J,

HIV-1 infection treatment
NNRTI resistance prevention

This Phase III study compared the effectiveness of emtricitabine + tenofovir DF + efavirenz (FTC + TDF + EFV) to lamivudine + zidovudine + efavirenz (3TC + ZDV + EFV) in HIV-1 infected subjects. FTC + TDF + EFV was associated with fewer cases of M184V/I mutation development, while neither treatment group developed the K65R mutation. Baseline NNRTI-R was found to be significantly associated with virologic failure in both groups.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drug varies with formulation in the target population of children with HIV-1.

Author: KasiryeP, KendallL, AdkisonK K, TumusiimeC, SsenyongaM, Bakeera-KitakaS, Nahirya-NtegeP, MhuteT, KekitiinwaA, SnowdenW, BurgerD M, GibbD M, WalkerA S,

HIV-1 treatment

This study compared the plasma pharmacokinetics of oral solutions vs. tablets of zidovudine, lamivudine, and abacavir in 19 HIV-1-infected Ugandan children. The tablet formulation was bioequivalent to the oral solution for zidovudine and abacavir. However, lamivudine exposure was ~55% higher with the tablet formulation. This highlights the impact of formulation and the importance of conducting bioequivalence studies in target pediatric populations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Synergistic antivirus effect of combined administration of Combivir with Angelica polysaccharide sulfate.

Author: YangTiehong, JiaMin, YueZhenggang, ChengYing, ZhangXinxin, HuangJunjie, ZhouSiyuan, MeiQibing

Anti-AIDS synergy
CD4(+) cell enhancement
Combivir toxicity reduction

This study investigated the synergistic effect of Anglica polysaccharide sulfate (APS-1) and Combivir, an anti-AIDS drug, on murine leukemia virus in vivo. The results show that the combination of APS-1 and Combivir significantly decreased virus replication and enhanced CD4(+) cell percentage and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

The financial and service implications of splitting fixed-dose antiretroviral drugs - a case study.

Author: TaylorR, CarlinE, SadiqueZ, AhmedI, AdamsE J

HIV treatment
Increased costs
Patient confusion

This study assessed the true costs and patient outcomes associated with switching from the fixed-dose combination Combivir to component drugs. Switching resulted in higher costs and some patients reported problems with the switch.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

[Ergotism due to simultaneous use of ergot alkaloids and high activity antiretroviral therapy].

Author: Cifuentes MDaniel, Blanco LSergio, Ramírez FCamila

AIDS treatment
Ergotism

This case report describes a patient with AIDS who developed ergotism due to the combined use of ergot alkaloids and antiretroviral therapy, highlighting the importance of considering drug interactions in HIV-infected patients.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

10.

A randomized controlled trial of single-class maintenance therapy with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine after standard triple antiretroviral induction therapy: final 96-week results from the FREE study.

Author: SprengerH G, LangebeekN, MulderP G H, Ten NapelC H H, VriesendorpR, HoepelmanA I M, LegrandJ C, KoopmansP P, BravenboerB, Ten KateR W, GroeneveldPhp, BiermanWfw, van der WerfTs, GisolfEh, RichterC

Antiviral efficacy
Improved lipids

Switching to abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) after successful induction with standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) had similar antiviral efficacy compared to continuing a PI-based regimen at 96 weeks after baseline, with improved serum lipids.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

The impact of once-nightly versus twice-daily dosing and baseline beliefs about HAART on adherence to efavirenz-based HAART over 48 weeks: the NOCTE study.

Author: CooperVanessa, HorneRob, GellaitryGrace, VrijensBernard, LangeAnne-Catherine, FisherMartin, WhiteDavid

Improved adherence
Psychological preparation

The difference in adherence observed between once-nightly and twice-daily dosing was driven by a difference in persistence with treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz versus zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for the initial treatment of HIV type 1 infection: final analysis (48 weeks) of a prospective, randomized, noninferiority clinical trial, GESIDA 3903.

Author: BerenguerJuan, GonzálezJuan, RiberaEsteban, DomingoPere, SantosJesús, MirallesPilar, Angels RibasM, AsensiVíctor, GimenoJuan Luis, Pérez-MolinaJosé Antonio, TerrónJosé Alberto, SantamaríaJuan Miguel, PedrolEnric,

Effective HIV treatment
Adverse events
Hematological toxicity

Didanosine/lamivudine/efavirenz (ddI/3TC/EFV) administered with food was noninferior to lamivudine-zidovudine tablet and EFV (COM/EFV) in treating HIV-1 infection, but more patients in the COM/EFV arm discontinued therapy due to adverse events, mainly hematological toxicity.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine maintenance after standard induction in antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients: FREE randomized trial interim results.

Author: SprengerHerman G, LangebeekNienke, MulderPaul G H, Ten NapelChris H H, VriesendorpRobert, HoepelmanAndy I M, LegrandJean-Claude, KoopmansPeter P, Van KasterenMarjo E E, BravenboerBert, Ten KateReinier W, GroeneveldPaul H P, van der WerfTjip S, GisolfElisabeth H, RichterClemens

Viral suppression

This randomized, open-label study compared a triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen (TZV) to a protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimen for HIV-1 maintenance therapy in ART-naïve patients. The study found that TZV maintenance was as effective as the PI-containing regimen in suppressing viral load at 48 weeks, suggesting that safe switching to NRTI-only regimens may be possible in certain cases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Profile of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions induced in venules and arterioles by nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in vivo.

Author: De PabloCarmen, OrdenSamuel, PerisJose E, BarrachinaMaría D, EspluguesJuan V, AlvarezAngeles

Cardiovascular disease

Abacavir and didanosine, two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, increased leukocyte-endothelium interactions in rat and human cells, suggesting a potential association with cardiovascular (CV) diseases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Early versus delayed fixed dose combination abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine in patients with HIV and tuberculosis in Tanzania.

Author: ShaoHumphrey J, CrumpJohn A, RamadhaniHabib O, UisoLeonard O, Ole-NguyaineSendui, MoonAndrew M, KiweraRehema A, WoodsChristopher W, ShaoJohn F, BartlettJohn A, ThielmanNathan M

Improved immunologic response
Death
Serious adverse events

This randomized, pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of fixed-dose combination abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) in HIV-1 and tuberculosis (TB)-coinfected patients. The study found that ABC/3TC/ZDV was well tolerated and resulted in improved immune function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Examination of haematotoxicity of fixed-dose highly active antiretroviral drug in albino wistar rats.

Author: NubilaThomas, UkaejiofoErnest O, NubilaNkoyo I, OkorieGodfrey I

HAART safety
HAART toxicity

A study on Albino Wistar rats evaluating the haematotoxic effects of lamivudine, zidovudine, and nevirapine fixed-dose combinations found no subacute haematotoxic effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

High level of viral suppression and low switch rate to second-line antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected adult patients followed over five years: retrospective analysis of the DART trial.

Author: KityoCissy, GibbDiana M, GilksCharles F, GoodallRuth L, MambuleIvan, KaleebuPontiano, PillayDeenan, KasiryeRonnie, MugyenyiPeter, WalkerA Sarah, DunnDavid T,

Low switch rates
Viral suppression

Sustained viral suppression is achievable without viral load or CD4 count monitoring in HIV-infected patients in resource-limited settings when high-quality clinical care is provided.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

High rate of HIV resuppression after viral failure on first-line antiretroviral therapy in the absence of switch to second-line therapy.

Author: GuptaRavindra K, GoodallRuth L, RanopaMichael, KityoCissy, MunderiPaula, LyagobaFred, MugaruraLincoln, GilksCharles F, KaleebuPontiano, PillayDeenan,

HIV treatment
Viral failure

The study found that 27% of patients with HIV who experienced viral failure at week 48 were able to suppress the virus again by week 96 without changing their treatment. This supports the World Health Organization's recommendation to provide adherence counseling and repeat viral load testing before considering a change in HIV treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

HTLV-1 Associated Neurological Disorders.

Author: KhanMuhammad Yasir, KhanIshaq Nasib, FarmanMuhammad, Al KarimSaleh, QadriIshtiaq, KamalMuhammad Amjad, Al GhamdiKhalid, HarakehSteve

HTLV-1 treatment
Neurological disorders

This review discusses the complexities of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated neurological disorders and their current ongoing treatment. It also discusses future possible therapeutic strategies, by targeting HTVL-1 viral components and gene/s products, for the treatment of those neurological conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Mitochondrial T9098C sequence change in the MTATP6 gene and development of severe mitochondrial disease after in utero antiretroviral prophylaxis.

Author: VelinovMilen, DolzhanskayaNatalia, MendezHermann

Lactic acidosis
Mitochondrial toxicity

A four-year-old girl with mitochondrial disease was found to have a genetic change in the MTATP6 gene, which may have been caused by antiretroviral treatment during her mother’s pregnancy. The girl’s symptoms included developmental delay, hypotonia, lactic acidosis, congenital cataracts, and pancreatitis. These findings suggest that mitochondrial sequencing may be useful in identifying children with mitochondrial disease after in utero antiretroviral prophylaxis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Clinical and genetic determinants of plasma nevirapine exposure following an intrapartum dose to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Author: VardhanabhutiSaran, AcostaEdward P, RibaudoHeather J, SeverePatrice, LallooUmesh, KumarasamyNagalingeshwaran, TauloFrank, KabandaJoseph, OnekoOlola, IvePrudence, SambareyPradeep, ChanEllen S, HittiJane, HongFrancis, McMahonDeborah, HaasDavid W,

Rapid nevirapine elimination

The effects on plasma drug exposure following single-dose nevirapine may be greater for CYP2B6 983T → C than for 516G → T and are less pronounced than at steady state. Lower body mass index and random assignment to receive lopinavir/ritonavir were associated with more rapid nevirapine elimination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

25.

Comparison of bone and renal effects in HIV-infected adults switching to abacavir or tenofovir based therapy in a randomized trial.

Author: RasmussenThomas A, JensenDanny, TolstrupMartin, NielsenUlla S, ErlandsenErland J, BirnHenrik, ØstergaardLars, LangdahlBente L, LaursenAlex L

Bone loss

Switching to TDF/FTC-based therapy led to decreases in BMD and increases in bone turnover markers compared with ABC/3TC-based treatment. No major difference in renal function was observed.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Pharmacokinetics and safety of a new paediatric fixed-dose combination of zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine in HIV-infected children.

Author: ChokephaibulkitKulkanya, CresseyTim R, CapparelliEdmund, SirisanthanaVirat, MuresanPetronella, HongsiriwonSuchat, NgampiyaskulChaiwat, LimwongseChanin, WittawatmongkolOrasri, AurpibulLinda, KabatBill, ToyeMariPat, SmithMary Elizabeth, EksaengsriAchara, McIntoshKenneth, YogevRam,

HIV treatment
Toxicity

A novel paediatric fixed-dose combination tablet of zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (30/15/28 mg) was shown to be safe and well-tolerated in HIV-infected children.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

27.

Evaluation of Oral Antiretroviral Drugs in Mice With Metabolic and Neurologic Complications.

Author: TsaiFuu-Jen, HoMao-Wang, LaiChih-Ho, ChouChen-Hsing, LiJu-Pi, ChengChi-Fung, WuYang-Chang, LiuXiang, TsangHsinyi, LinTing-Hsu, LiaoChiu-Chu, HuangShao-Mei, LinJung-Chun, LinChih-Chien, HsiehChing-Liang, LiangWen-Miin, LinYing-Ju

Cognitive impairment
Hyperlipidemia
Lipodystrophy
Metabolic imbalance
Motor impairment

Some HIV medications can cause changes in fat distribution, metabolic problems, and neurological issues. Abacavir/Lamivudine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir were found to cause cognitive and motor problems in mice, as well as changes in blood sugar levels and cholesterol.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

28.

The inhibitory effect of antiretroviral drugs on the L-carnitine uptake in human placenta.

Author: KarahodaRona, CeckovaMartina, StaudFrantisek

HIV treatment
Placental carnitine impairment

Seven antiretroviral drugs, including ritonavir, saquinavir, and elvitegravir, were found to inhibit placental carnitine uptake. This may potentially affect placental and fetal supply of l-carnitine, which is essential for fatty acid oxidation.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Lopinavir/ritonavir trough concentrations with the tablet formulation in HIV-1-infected women during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Author: CalzaLeonardo, ManfrediRoberto, TrapaniFilippo, SalvadoriCaterina, ColangeliVincenzo, BorderiMarco, GrossiGabriele, MottaRoberto, VialePierluigi

HIV treatment
Diarrhea
Hyperlipidemia

A slight but insignificant decrease in lopinavir plasma concentrations was observed during the third trimester of pregnancy, suggesting that standard tablet doses are appropriate for the later stages of pregnancy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

30.

Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract.

Author: ElseLaura J, TaylorStephen, BackDavid J, KhooSaye H

HIV transmission prevention

Antiretroviral concentrations in the genital tract vary by gender and drug, with high interindividual variability. Achieving adequate antiretroviral exposure in the genital tract is important for the prevention of sexual and vertical transmission of HIV.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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