Effects of nicotine gum: A Synthesis of Findings from 36 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Nicotine gum has been shown to be effective in improving abstinence rates and in reducing post-cessation withdrawal distress and weight gain. 18 However, the dose effects of nicotine gum on these outcomes are not known. 18 One study investigated the effects of varying the amount of 2 mg nicotine gum prescribed to motivated quitters. 18 Results showed that, while gum use was not related to successful abstinence, there was a strong positive relationship between the amount of nicotine gum used and saliva cotinine levels among those who successfully quit. 18 However, there was considerable variability within groups reporting similar amounts of gum use. 18 Weight gain was significantly related to salivary cotinine levels in a dose-dependent manner, with higher cotinine levels associated with greater weight gain. 18

Another study assessed the effects of cigarette abstinence and nicotine gum on sustained attention, free recall, and metacognition. 32 Nicotine gum improved sustained attention, but had no effect on recall levels. 32 Cigarette abstinence significantly impaired free recall and reduced the accuracy of participants' predictions of their own performance. 32 This suggests that nicotine gum may not alleviate the negative effects of cigarette abstinence on higher-level cognitive processes like memory and metacognition. 32

Several studies have investigated the relationship between nicotine gum use and weight gain during a quit attempt. 34 Some research indicates that using nicotine gum can reduce the amount of weight gained when quitting. 34 25 Others have shown that nicotine gum's effect on weight gain may be limited. 11 34

A study that classified smokers by nicotine dependence level found that higher doses of nicotine gum (4 mg) were more effective than lower doses (2 mg) for high-dependence smokers. 26 However, both 2 mg and 4 mg doses were more effective than placebo. 26 The study also found a dose-related effect of nicotine gum on post-cessation heart rate decline. 26

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Nicotine gum has been shown to be effective in improving abstinence rates and in reducing post-cessation withdrawal distress and weight gain. 18 Nicotine gum may also improve sustained attention in smokers. 32 Some research suggests that using nicotine gum may help reduce weight gain associated with quitting smoking. 34 25

Risk Summary

Nicotine gum, while generally safe, can have side effects. 18 These can include mouth sores, indigestion, headaches, dizziness, nausea, skin rash, drowsiness, and others. 18 Nicotine gum should not be used by individuals with heart disease, high blood pressure, stomach ulcers, diabetes, pregnant or breastfeeding women, or those with an allergy to nicotine. 18 As an addictive substance, nicotine gum has the potential for abuse. 18

Study Comparison

Study Similarities

These studies provide evidence that nicotine gum can be helpful for smoking cessation. 18 32 34 Many studies have investigated the relationship between the amount of nicotine gum used and outcomes like abstinence success, withdrawal symptoms, and weight gain, suggesting a dose-dependent effect. 18

Study Differences

These studies exhibit variations in their findings regarding the impact of nicotine dependence level on nicotine gum effectiveness. 26 Some studies have shown that nicotine gum can reduce weight gain after smoking cessation. 34 25 However, other studies suggest that the effects of nicotine gum on weight gain may be limited. 11 Some studies also indicate that nicotine gum may influence cognitive function in smokers. 32

Consistency and Contradictions in Findings

These studies provide support for the use of nicotine gum as an aid to smoking cessation. 18 However, the effectiveness of nicotine gum can be influenced by factors such as nicotine dependence level, gum usage, and individual characteristics. 26 Some studies have shown that nicotine gum can help reduce weight gain after quitting, 34 25 while others indicate that its effects on weight gain may be limited. 11 Additionally, some research suggests that nicotine gum may have an impact on cognitive function in smokers. 32

Considerations for Real-World Application

While nicotine gum can be a beneficial tool for those trying to quit smoking, understanding proper usage and potential risks is important. 18 26 It can be a helpful part of a smoking cessation program, potentially improving abstinence rates, easing withdrawal symptoms, and mitigating weight gain. 18 However, as an addictive substance, it is crucial to use nicotine gum under medical supervision. 18 Remember, nicotine gum use carries the risk of side effects. 18 If you are considering using nicotine gum, consult a doctor to determine if it is the right treatment for you. 18 Successful smoking cessation often involves a combination of treatments, like nicotine gum and behavioral therapy, for optimal results. 18

Limitations of Current Research

While these studies provide valuable insights, further research is needed for a more comprehensive understanding of nicotine gum's role in smoking cessation. 18 Larger-scale studies and long-term follow-up investigations are required to gain a more complete picture of its effectiveness. 18 Additional research should also focus on determining the optimal dosage, delivery method, and how effectiveness varies across different types of smokers (based on factors like nicotine dependence, age, and gender). 18 Long-term effects of nicotine gum use warrant further exploration. 18

Future Research Directions

Future research should delve deeper into the effectiveness of nicotine gum. 18 Specifically, research should investigate the optimal dosage and delivery method, as well as how effects vary across different types of smokers (based on factors like nicotine dependence, age, and gender). 18 Long-term effects of nicotine gum use should be further investigated. 18

Conclusion

Nicotine gum has the potential to be a valuable tool for those seeking to quit smoking. 18 26 It's essential to be aware of the potential for side effects associated with its use. 18 If you're considering using nicotine gum, it's best to consult a doctor to determine if it's the right choice for you. 18 A multi-faceted approach, including treatments like nicotine gum and behavioral therapy, can improve the chances of successful smoking cessation. 18

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Nicotine gum benefit for high cotinine
2
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
3
Helps quit smoking
4
Nicotine craving reduction
5
Improved smoking cessation rates
6
Smoking cessation aid
7
Increased days abstinent
Reduced cigarette smoking
8
Increased abstinence rates
9
Smoking cessation
10
Weight gain suppression
11
No oral health risks
12
Improves smoking cessation
13
Improves quit rates
Reduces withdrawal symptoms
14
Tobacco withdrawal treatment
15
Smoking cessation
17
Smoking cessation
18
Nicotine addiction treatment
19
Nicotine withdrawal relief
20
Quit smoking
Reduced side effects
21
Nicotine gum effective
Smoking cessation
22
Effective treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
23
Nicotine withdrawal relief
24
Reduced weight gain
25
Moderate post-cessation heart-rate decline
Smoking cessation
26
Improved palatability
Reduced nicotine craving
28
Nicotine craving relief
29
Craving relief
Nicotine delivery speed
31
Improve sustained attention
32
Smoking cessation
33
Weight gain reduction
34
Improved abstinence
Increased gum use
35
Improved facial detection
36
Risk Keywords
Ineffective at low dose
1
Craving
Difficulty concentrating
Eating changes
Excessive hunger
Reaction time changes
Restlessness
Withdrawal symptoms
2
Not specified
3
Mild side effects
5
Adverse effects
7
Craving
Gum self-administration
Withdrawal symptoms
8
Limited effectiveness
10
Increased eating
Increased hunger
11
Calculus
Gingivitis
12
Side effects
13
Nicotine dependence
14
Cardiovascular risk
16
Side effects
17
Weight gain
18
Mild side effects
21
Weight gain
25
Abuse potential
28
Nicotine dysphoria
Nicotine increased heart rate
30
Literature analysis of 36 papers
Positive Content
29
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
5
Article Type
35
1
0
1
36
1.

The effects of supplementary nicotine in regular cigarette smokers.

Author: TurnerJ A, SillettR W, TaylorD M, McNicolM W

Ineffective at low dose

Nicotine gum was found to have no significant effect on smoking patterns, suggesting that the dose of nicotine used was insufficient.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Smokeless tobacco abstinence effects and nicotine gum dose.

Author: HatsukamiD, AntonD, KeenanR, CalliesA

Nicotine gum benefit for high cotinine
Craving
Difficulty concentrating
Eating changes
Excessive hunger
Reaction time changes
Restlessness
Withdrawal symptoms

Abstinence from smokeless tobacco resulted in significant increases in craving, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, excessive hunger, and eating. Nicotine gum was not effective in reducing these withdrawal symptoms, though some benefit may be seen in individuals with high cotinine levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

3.

Effects of nicotine gum on prevalence and severity of withdrawal in female cigarette smokers.

Author: HatsukamiD, McBrideC, PirieP, HellerstedtW, LandoH

Reduced withdrawal symptoms
Not specified

Nicotine gum (2 mg) significantly reduced the prevalence and severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms in women who quit smoking. The gum was more effective than no gum in reducing symptoms like anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, impatience, somatic symptoms, insomnia, increased eating, and drowsiness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Long-term use of nicotine vs placebo gum.

Author: HughesJ R, GustS W, KeenanR, FenwickJ W, SkoogK, HigginsS T

Helps quit smoking

Nicotine gum was associated with a higher rate of smoking cessation compared to placebo. However, long-term use of nicotine gum was uncommon.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Combined use of alcohol and nicotine gum.

Author: MintzJ, PhippsC C, ArrudaM J, GlynnS M, SchneiderN G, JarvikM E

Nicotine craving reduction
Mild side effects

Nicotine gum use was associated with a temporary reduction in craving to smoke, regardless of whether it preceded or followed alcohol consumption. However, alcohol use after chewing the gum eliminated most of the beneficial effects. Mild side effects were common, but not significantly affected by alcohol use.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Antismoking products.

Author: GourlayS G, McNeilJ J

Improved smoking cessation rates

Nicotine replacement therapy, particularly in motivated, highly nicotine-dependent smokers, is a safe and effective treatment for tobacco dependence. Nicotine gum has shown consistent benefits, especially when combined with counseling and support. Transdermal nicotine preparations may be similarly effective. Clonidine has shown promise in reducing withdrawal symptoms, but requires further research for long-term efficacy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Effect of dose on nicotine's reinforcing, withdrawal-suppression and self-reported effects.

Author: HughesJ R, GustS W, KeenanR M, FenwickJ W

Smoking cessation aid
Adverse effects

Nicotine gum was more effective in helping people quit smoking in the long term when higher doses were used. However, higher doses were associated with more side effects in the first week.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Effect of instructions and nicotine on smoking cessation, withdrawal symptoms and self-administration of nicotine gum.

Author: HughesJ R, GulliverS B, AmoriG, MireaultG C, FenwickJ F

Increased days abstinent
Reduced cigarette smoking
Craving
Gum self-administration
Withdrawal symptoms

Both being told one received nicotine gum and actual receipt of nicotine increased the number of days abstinent and decreased the number of cigarettes smoked. Instructions can modify the effects of nicotine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

9.

Effects of behavioral skills training and schedule of nicotine gum administration on smoking cessation.

Author: GoldsteinM G, NiauraR, FollickM J, AbramsD B

Increased abstinence rates

A study of 89 smokers comparing four different nicotine gum treatments for smoking cessation found that behavioral therapy was more effective than education alone in achieving long-term abstinence at 6 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

10.

Nicotine vs placebo gum in general medical practice.

Author: HughesJ R, GustS W, KeenanR M, FenwickJ W, HealeyM L

Smoking cessation
Limited effectiveness

Nicotine gum was compared to placebo in a study of 315 smokers seeking cessation. While brief counseling and nicotine gum resulted in a higher rate of continuous abstinence at 11 months, the difference was not statistically significant.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Nicotine replacement: effects of postcessation weight gain.

Author: GrossJ, StitzerM L, MaldonadoJ

Weight gain suppression
Increased eating
Increased hunger

Nicotine gum was effective in preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Active gum users gained 3.8lbs compared to 7.8lbs for placebo users.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

12.

Effects of nicotine-containing chewing gum on oral soft and hard tissues: A clinical study.

Author: ChristenA G, BeiswangerB B, MallattM E, TomichC E, DrookC A, McDonaldJ L, OlsonB L, StookeyG K

No oral health risks
Calculus
Gingivitis

Nicotine chewing gum, as an adjunct to a stop-smoking program, has no significant effect on oral health. However, continued smoking is associated with an increased risk of gingivitis and calculus.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

Author: HjalmarsonA I

Improves smoking cessation
Side effects

Nicotine chewing gum, as an adjunct to group therapy, improved long-term quit rates for smokers compared to placebo, with few and non-serious adverse effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Nicotine gum to help stop smoking.

Author: HughesJ R, MillerS A

Improves quit rates
Reduces withdrawal symptoms
Nicotine dependence

Nicotine gum is an effective prescription drug for smoking cessation, improving long-term quit rates by relieving withdrawal symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Effect of nicotine on the tobacco withdrawal syndrome.

Author: HughesJ R, HatsukamiD K, PickensR W, KrahnD, MalinS, LuknicA

Tobacco withdrawal treatment

Nicotine gum reduced withdrawal symptoms in smokers, including irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, impatience, and somatic complaints. It did not reduce cigarette craving, hunger, or insomnia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Effects of treatment on cardiovascular risk among smokeless tobacco users.

Author: AllenS S, HatsukamiD, JensenJ, GrilloM, BlissR

Cardiovascular risk

Smokeless tobacco use is associated with sustained nicotine levels in young men, raising concerns about cardiovascular risks. The effectiveness of nicotine replacement in reducing cardiovascular risks associated with smokeless tobacco cessation needs to be investigated.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

17.

Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program.

Author: HerreraN, FrancoR, HerreraL, PartidasA, RolandoR, FagerströmK O

Smoking cessation
Side effects

Nicotine gum was found to be effective in helping smokers quit, particularly for those with high nicotine dependence. Smokers with high dependence had better success rates with 4 mg nicotine gum compared to 2 mg, while 2 mg was superior to placebo for those with moderate to low dependence.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Dose effects of nicotine gum.

Author: GrossJ, JohnsonJ, SiglerL, StitzerM L

Smoking cessation
Weight gain

Nicotine gum use was not related to successful smoking abstinence, but was associated with increased salivary cotinine levels and dose-dependent weight gain.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

19.

Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Author: KornitzerM, BoutsenM, DramaixM, ThijsJ, GustavssonG

Nicotine addiction treatment

This study evaluated the effects of adding nicotine gum to nicotine patch therapy in smokers.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine gum as individual versus combined treatments for tobacco withdrawal symptoms.

Author: FagerströmK O, SchneiderN G, LunellE

Nicotine withdrawal relief

This study compared the effects of combining nicotine gum and transdermal nicotine to either treatment alone on cigarette withdrawal symptoms in smokers. Combining the two treatments was significantly more effective in relieving withdrawal symptoms than either treatment alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Nicotine gum use in the first year of the Lung Health Study.

Author: Bjornson-BensonW, NidesM, DolceJ, RandC, LindgrenP, O'HaraP, BuistA S

Quit smoking
Reduced side effects
Mild side effects

28.9% of participants in the Lung Health Study were using nicotine gum 12 months after entry. Among sustained nonsmokers, continuous gum users reported more mild side effects than those who used gum intermittently. Factors associated with nicotine dependence were related to the use and amount of gum use at 12 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

22.

Meta-analytical review of the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum in smoking treatment programs.

Author: Cepeda-BenitoA

Nicotine gum effective
Smoking cessation

Nicotine gum is effective for smoking cessation, especially when combined with intensive treatment strategies. A meta-analysis of 33 studies found that nicotine gum was superior to placebo in both short-term and long-term follow-up, but only with intensive treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Effects of behavioral and pharmacological treatment on smokeless tobacco users.

Author: HatsukamiD, JensenJ, AllenS, GrilloM, BlissR

Effective treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms

Group behavioral therapy was more effective than minimal contact in helping people quit smokeless tobacco use. Nicotine gum was not effective in improving abstinence rates but did reduce withdrawal symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

24.

Temporal effects of nicotine nasal spray and gum on nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

Author: HurtR D, OffordK P, CroghanI T, CroghanG A, Gomez-DahlL C, WolterT D, DaleL C, MoyerT P

Nicotine withdrawal relief

This study compared the effectiveness of nicotine nasal spray and nicotine gum in relieving nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine nasal spray provided more immediate relief for craving, while nicotine gum had longer-lasting effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Long-term effects of nicotine gum on weight gain after smoking cessation.

Author: NordstromB L, KinnunenT, UtmanC H, GarveyA J

Reduced weight gain
Weight gain

Smoking cessation often leads to weight gain. This study found that nicotine gum therapy can help reduce weight gain in the first year after quitting, and that replacing higher proportions of pre-cessation cotinine levels with nicotine gum resulted in less weight gain.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

26.

Effects of nicotine gum dose by level of nicotine dependence.

Author: GarveyA J, KinnunenT, NordstromB L, UtmanC H, DohertyK, RosnerB, VokonasP S

Moderate post-cessation heart-rate decline
Smoking cessation

This study investigated the effectiveness of nicotine gum therapy for smoking cessation in people with different levels of nicotine dependence. Both 2-mg and 4-mg nicotine gum were more effective than placebo in helping people quit smoking, and the 4-mg dose was more effective for people with high nicotine dependence.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

27.

Do former smokers respond to nicotine differently from never smokers? A pilot study.

Author: HughesJ R, RoseG L, CallasP W

This study found no difference in subjective effects or nicotine reinforcement between former and never smokers after receiving nicotine gum. However, current smokers preferred and self-administered more nicotine than the other groups.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

28.

Flavor improvement does not increase abuse liability of nicotine chewing gum.

Author: HoutsmullerElisabeth J, FantReginald V, EissenbergThomas E, HenningfieldJack E, StitzerMaxine L

Improved palatability
Reduced nicotine craving
Abuse potential

This study assessed the abuse liability of nicotine gum with improved taste. The study found that improved flavor does not increase abuse liability, but may be associated with enhanced craving reduction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Comparative efficacy of rapid-release nicotine gum versus nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue-provoked craving.

Author: NiauraRaymond, SayetteMichael, ShiffmanSaul, GloverElbert D, NidesMitch, ShelanskiMorris, ShadelWilliam, KosloRandy, RobbinsBruce, SorrentinoJim

Nicotine craving relief

A prototype formulation of a new rapid-release nicotine gum (RRNG) was tested and found to provide faster and better craving relief compared to current nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG).

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

30.

The effects of nicotine on attention and working memory in never-smokers.

Author: KleykampBethea A, JenningsJanine M, BlankMelissa D, EissenbergThomas

Nicotine dysphoria
Nicotine increased heart rate

This study assessed the effects of nicotine gum on subjective, physiological, and cognitive measures in nicotine-naive individuals. Nicotine gum was found to increase dysphoria and heart rate in a dose-dependent manner, but it did not affect any aspect of attention or working memory.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

31.

Rapid absorption of nicotine from new nicotine gum formulations.

Author: ShiffmanSaul, ConeEdward J, BuchhalterAugust R, HenningfieldJack E, RohayJeffrey M, GitchellJoe G, PinneyJohn M, ChauTommy

Craving relief
Nicotine delivery speed

A new formulation of nicotine gum (NHTG2) was developed that delivered nicotine more quickly than previous formulations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

32.

Cigarette abstinence impairs memory and metacognition despite administration of 2 mg nicotine gum.

Author: KelemenWilliam L, FultonErika K

Improve sustained attention

Nicotine gum improved sustained attention in smokers, but it did not alleviate the detrimental effects of cigarette abstinence on memory and metacognition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

33.

Smoking cessation during alcohol treatment: a randomized trial of combination nicotine patch plus nicotine gum.

Author: CooneyNed L, CooneyJudith L, PerryBridget L, CarboneMichael, CohenEmily H, SteinbergHoward R, PilkeyDavid T, SevarinoKevin, OnckenCheryl A, LittMark D

Smoking cessation

This study compared the effectiveness of nicotine patches and gum for smoking cessation in alcohol-dependent smokers. The combination of active nicotine patch and gum was more effective than the patch plus placebo gum. The study also found no significant carry-over effects of nicotine replacement therapy on drinking outcomes.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

34.

Effect of compliance with nicotine gum dosing on weight gained during a quit attempt.

Author: FergusonStuart G, ShiffmanSaul, RohayJeffrey M, GitchellJoseph G, GarveyArthur J

Weight gain reduction

This study examined the relationship between weight gain and nicotine gum use in individuals quitting smoking. The findings suggest that using adequate amounts of nicotine gum can reduce the amount of weight gained during smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

35.

Can we increase smokers' adherence to nicotine replacement therapy and does this help them quit?

Author: SchlamTanya R, CookJessica W, BakerTimothy B, Hayes-BirchlerTodd, BoltDaniel M, SmithStevens S, FioreMichael C, PiperMegan E

Improved abstinence
Increased gum use

Electronic monitoring with counseling increased gum use in smokers trying to quit. Adherence to both nicotine patch and nicotine gum was strongly associated with abstinence from smoking.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

36.

Short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection in healthy nonsmokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Author: FernandesThiago P, ButlerPamela D, RodriguesStephanye J, SilvaGabriella M, AnchietaMarcos V, SoutoJandirlly J S, GomesGiulliana H V, AlmeidaNatalia L, SantosNatanael A

Improved facial detection

This study investigated the short-term effects of nicotine gum on facial detection. The results suggest that low doses of nicotine gum (2 mg) can improve facial detection, potentially making it a therapeutic target for individuals with low vision. However, higher doses (4 mg) had negative effects on facial detection. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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