Effects of pexidartinib: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Phenytoin, a commonly used anticonvulsant medication, has been shown to have a potential impact on cognitive function and motor abilities. Studies have investigated its effects on cognition, particularly focusing on its influence on cognitive performance in various settings, including epilepsy, brain trauma, and motion sickness. 6 3 10 1

Several studies have reported that phenytoin can have negative effects on cognitive performance, particularly on tasks involving motor speed and attention. 6 3 1 4 However, other studies have found no significant impact of phenytoin on cognition. 5 7 The discrepancies in findings might be attributed to differences in research design, participant characteristics, dosage, and duration of treatment.

In the context of brain trauma, phenytoin has been used as a prophylactic agent to prevent seizures. However, research suggests that phenytoin's effectiveness in preventing post-traumatic seizures is limited, and it may not reduce mortality rates in head-injured patients. 1 9

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Phenytoin is an effective medication for preventing and treating seizures. 2 It has been shown to be beneficial in controlling established seizures, even if its long-term effectiveness in preventing post-traumatic seizures beyond the first week is questionable. 1

Risks Summary

Phenytoin can cause side effects such as nausea, drowsiness, and dizziness. 7 It also has the potential to negatively affect cognitive function, which can include impaired motor speed, attention, and memory. 6 3 1 While these side effects are not universal, they are important to consider.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Several studies have consistently shown that phenytoin can negatively affect cognitive function. 6 3 10 1 Moreover, these studies highlight that the impact of phenytoin on cognition can vary significantly among individuals.

Differences

The research findings regarding phenytoin's effects on cognition show inconsistencies. Some studies indicate that phenytoin can impair cognitive performance, particularly in tasks involving motor speed and attention. 6 3 Conversely, other studies have not observed a substantial effect of phenytoin on cognition. 5 7 These discrepancies can be attributed to variations in research design, participant characteristics, phenytoin dosage, and treatment duration.

Consistency and Contradictions

The research findings regarding phenytoin's effects on cognition lack complete consistency. While some studies show that phenytoin can impair cognition, others demonstrate no such impact. 6 3 10 1 These inconsistencies could be attributed to variations in research design, participant characteristics, phenytoin dosage, and treatment duration.

Practical Implications and Considerations

While phenytoin is effective for preventing and treating seizures, it carries the potential to negatively impact cognitive function. 6 3 10 1 It's crucial for individuals taking phenytoin to discuss any potential cognitive side effects with their doctor to ensure appropriate monitoring and management.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on phenytoin's effects on cognition remains incomplete. More research is needed, particularly focusing on its long-term effects. 6 3 10 1

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to thoroughly understand phenytoin's effects on cognition, particularly in the long term. 6 3 10 1 Research should investigate how factors like dosage, treatment duration, patient age, and seizure type contribute to cognitive impact.

Conclusion

Phenytoin is an effective medication for preventing and treating seizures, but it has the potential to negatively impact cognitive function. 6 3 10 1 Individuals taking phenytoin should be aware of these potential side effects and discuss them with their healthcare provider to ensure proper monitoring and management.

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
7
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
11
0
0
0
11
1.

Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures.

Author: DikmenS S, TemkinN R, MillerB, MachamerJ, WinnH R

Control seizures
Cognitive impairment

Phenytoin had negative cognitive effects in severely injured patients, raising concerns about its long-term use for preventing posttraumatic seizures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Comparison of valproic acid and phenytoin in newly diagnosed tonic-clonic seizures.

Author: WilderB J, RamsayR E, MurphyJ V, KarasB J, MarquardtK, HammondE J

Mild side effects
Seizure prevention
Toxic hepatitis

Valproate and phenytoin were both effective in preventing seizure recurrence in newly diagnosed epileptic patients. Valproate was more effective than phenytoin, with similar mild side effects and laboratory abnormalities.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

Comparing the cognitive effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in long-term monotherapy: a two-year follow-up.

Author: PulliainenV, JokelainenM

Few cognitive effects
Improved mood
Negative effects on motor speed
Negative effects on visual memory

This study compared the cognitive effects of phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. While both drugs showed similar effects on mood, PHT exhibited negative effects on visually guided motor speed and visual memory. The findings suggest that long-term cognitive effects of PHT, compared to CBZ, may be limited to certain visual-motor functions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients recovering from brain trauma: a comparative study.

Author: SmithK R, GouldingP M, WildermanD, GoldfaderP R, Holterman-HommesP, WeiF

Cognitive impairment
Motor speed impairment

The study found that both phenytoin and carbamazepine may have negative effects on cognitive performance, particularly on tasks involving motor and speed components. While practice effects may account for some improvement when patients stopped taking these drugs, the overall effects were small and of limited clinical significance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of phenytoin on cognitive-motor performance in children as a function of drug concentration, seizure type, and time of medication.

Author: AmanM G, WerryJ S, PaxtonJ W, TurbottS H

Improved psychomotor performance

This study found that fluctuations in phenytoin (PHT) levels, of the order of 50%, had no discernible effects on psychomotor performance in children with well-controlled seizures receiving PHT monotherapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on cognitive functions in newly diagnosed epileptic patients.

Author: PulliainenV, JokelainenM

Improved mood
Cognitive impairment

Both phenytoin and carbamazepine decreased the normal practice effect observed in neuropsychological testing, with phenytoin showing a greater effect. Phenytoin also led to slower reaction times and decreased visual memory, particularly in women and patients with higher serum levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Computerized task battery assessment of cognitive and performance effects of acute phenytoin motion sickness therapy.

Author: ChelenW, AhmedN, KabriskyM, RogersS

Motion sickness treatment

Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat seizures. This study found that phenytoin, when used at levels that are effective for treating motion sickness, did not have any significant negative effects on cognitive function or performance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Comparison of phenobarbitone, phenytoin with sodium valproate: randomized, double-blind study.

Author: ThilothammalN, BanuK, RatnamR S

Effective seizure control
Minimal side effects
Hyperactivity
Side effects

Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, and sodium valproate were equally effective in controlling generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. However, sodium valproate had the fewest side effects, followed by phenobarbitone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis.

Author: HaltinerA M, NewellD W, TemkinN R, DikmenS S, WinnH R

Seizure prevention
Adverse effects

The use of phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures following head injury was evaluated for its association with significant adverse side effects and its effect on mortality rates in head-injured patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

10.

Effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin on the EEG and cognition in healthy volunteers.

Author: SalinskyM C, SpencerD C, OkenB S, StorzbachD

Improved vigor
Cognitive effects
EEG slowing

This study compared the effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin on brain activity and cognitive function in healthy volunteers. Both drugs had significant effects on brain activity, but only minor effects on cognitive function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Topiramate effects on the EEG and alertness in healthy volunteers: a different profile of antiepileptic drug neurotoxicity.

Author: SalinskyMartin, StorzbachDaniel, OkenBarry, SpencerDavid

topiramate EEG effects

This study investigated the effects of topiramate (TPM) on quantitative EEG (QEEG) and drowsiness. The hypothesis was that TPM would induce significant slowing of EEG background rhythms and an increase in drowsiness on the awake maintenance task (AMT).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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