Effects of phenazopyridine: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Several studies have examined the effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on cognitive function in patients with epilepsy or recovering from brain trauma. 4 3 6 1 10 These medications are often used to prevent seizures, but they can have negative effects on cognitive abilities, particularly tasks involving motor skills and speed. 4 3 Phenytoin has been linked to slower reaction times and visual memory deficits. 3 6 However, the extent of cognitive impact may vary depending on factors like drug concentration, seizure type, and time of medication. 5

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Both phenytoin and carbamazepine are considered effective in preventing seizures following brain trauma or in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. 4 2 8 9 These medications help control seizures and prevent recurrence.

Risks Summary

There are risks associated with phenytoin and carbamazepine. 4 3 6 1 10 These medications can negatively impact cognitive abilities, especially tasks requiring motor speed and coordination. 4 3 They can also cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, vision problems, and skin rashes. 2 8 9

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

The majority of studies agree that both phenytoin and carbamazepine are effective in preventing seizures after brain trauma or in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. 4 2 8 9 A consistent finding across studies is the potential negative impact of these medications on cognitive functions. 4 3 6 1 10

Differences

The extent and specific areas of cognitive impact vary between studies. 4 3 6 1 10 Moreover, phenytoin's impact on cognition may be influenced by drug concentration, seizure type, and timing of medication. 5

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Several studies suggest that phenytoin may have a greater negative impact on cognitive function than carbamazepine. 4 3 6 However, not all studies demonstrate consistent findings in this regard. 5 10 More research is needed to determine the exact degree of cognitive impairment associated with these medications.

Considerations for Everyday Life

If you are taking phenytoin or carbamazepine for seizure prevention, it is crucial to be aware of the potential for cognitive side effects. 4 3 6 1 10 You should exercise caution when driving, operating machinery, or engaging in activities that require alertness. It is important to consult with your doctor for regular checkups to monitor your cognitive function while on these medications.

Limitations of Current Research

Many of these studies have relatively small sample sizes, making it difficult to generalize their findings to the broader population. Additionally, most studies focus on comparing phenytoin and carbamazepine, while further research is needed to compare them with other anticonvulsant medications.

Future Research Directions

More research is necessary to thoroughly understand the effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on cognitive function. Studies with larger sample sizes and comparisons with various other anticonvulsant medications are needed. Further investigation into methods for minimizing or mitigating the cognitive impact of these medications would be beneficial.

Conclusion

While phenytoin and carbamazepine are effective in seizure prevention, it is important to acknowledge the potential for cognitive side effects. 4 3 6 1 10 Regular monitoring of cognitive function and close communication with your doctor are essential to ensure the best possible outcome and minimize any potential risks.

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
7
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
11
0
0
0
11
1.

Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin prophylaxis of posttraumatic seizures.

Author: DikmenS S, TemkinN R, MillerB, MachamerJ, WinnH R

Control seizures
Cognitive impairment

Phenytoin had negative cognitive effects in severely injured patients, raising concerns about its long-term use for preventing posttraumatic seizures.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Comparison of valproic acid and phenytoin in newly diagnosed tonic-clonic seizures.

Author: WilderB J, RamsayR E, MurphyJ V, KarasB J, MarquardtK, HammondE J

Mild side effects
Seizure prevention
Toxic hepatitis

Valproate and phenytoin were both effective in preventing seizure recurrence in newly diagnosed epileptic patients. Valproate was more effective than phenytoin, with similar mild side effects and laboratory abnormalities.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

Comparing the cognitive effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in long-term monotherapy: a two-year follow-up.

Author: PulliainenV, JokelainenM

Few cognitive effects
Improved mood
Negative effects on motor speed
Negative effects on visual memory

This study compared the cognitive effects of phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. While both drugs showed similar effects on mood, PHT exhibited negative effects on visually guided motor speed and visual memory. The findings suggest that long-term cognitive effects of PHT, compared to CBZ, may be limited to certain visual-motor functions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Neurobehavioral effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine in patients recovering from brain trauma: a comparative study.

Author: SmithK R, GouldingP M, WildermanD, GoldfaderP R, Holterman-HommesP, WeiF

Cognitive impairment
Motor speed impairment

The study found that both phenytoin and carbamazepine may have negative effects on cognitive performance, particularly on tasks involving motor and speed components. While practice effects may account for some improvement when patients stopped taking these drugs, the overall effects were small and of limited clinical significance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of phenytoin on cognitive-motor performance in children as a function of drug concentration, seizure type, and time of medication.

Author: AmanM G, WerryJ S, PaxtonJ W, TurbottS H

Improved psychomotor performance

This study found that fluctuations in phenytoin (PHT) levels, of the order of 50%, had no discernible effects on psychomotor performance in children with well-controlled seizures receiving PHT monotherapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine on cognitive functions in newly diagnosed epileptic patients.

Author: PulliainenV, JokelainenM

Improved mood
Cognitive impairment

Both phenytoin and carbamazepine decreased the normal practice effect observed in neuropsychological testing, with phenytoin showing a greater effect. Phenytoin also led to slower reaction times and decreased visual memory, particularly in women and patients with higher serum levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

Computerized task battery assessment of cognitive and performance effects of acute phenytoin motion sickness therapy.

Author: ChelenW, AhmedN, KabriskyM, RogersS

Motion sickness treatment

Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat seizures. This study found that phenytoin, when used at levels that are effective for treating motion sickness, did not have any significant negative effects on cognitive function or performance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Comparison of phenobarbitone, phenytoin with sodium valproate: randomized, double-blind study.

Author: ThilothammalN, BanuK, RatnamR S

Effective seizure control
Minimal side effects
Hyperactivity
Side effects

Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, and sodium valproate were equally effective in controlling generalized tonic-clonic convulsions. However, sodium valproate had the fewest side effects, followed by phenobarbitone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Side effects and mortality associated with use of phenytoin for early posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis.

Author: HaltinerA M, NewellD W, TemkinN R, DikmenS S, WinnH R

Seizure prevention
Adverse effects

The use of phenytoin to prevent early posttraumatic seizures following head injury was evaluated for its association with significant adverse side effects and its effect on mortality rates in head-injured patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

10.

Effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin on the EEG and cognition in healthy volunteers.

Author: SalinskyM C, SpencerD C, OkenB S, StorzbachD

Improved vigor
Cognitive effects
EEG slowing

This study compared the effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin on brain activity and cognitive function in healthy volunteers. Both drugs had significant effects on brain activity, but only minor effects on cognitive function.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Topiramate effects on the EEG and alertness in healthy volunteers: a different profile of antiepileptic drug neurotoxicity.

Author: SalinskyMartin, StorzbachDaniel, OkenBarry, SpencerDavid

topiramate EEG effects

This study investigated the effects of topiramate (TPM) on quantitative EEG (QEEG) and drowsiness. The hypothesis was that TPM would induce significant slowing of EEG background rhythms and an increase in drowsiness on the awake maintenance task (AMT).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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