Side Effects of tamoxifen: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Tamoxifen is a drug used to treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but it can induce uterine endometrial cancer and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 12 . However, anordrin, a drug marketed as an antifertility medicine in China, has been found to inhibit tamoxifen-induced endometrial epithelial cell mitosis and NAFLD in mice. 12 . Additionally, tamoxifen can have significant side effects, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and sleep problems. 20 . While these side effects can be bothersome, it is important to note that higher doses of tamoxifen may correlate with better relapse prevention. 13 .

Reasons for Side Effects

Tamoxifen’s side effects are due to its effects on estrogen receptors. Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors and can block or enhance the actions of estrogen. 12 . This interaction leads to its anti-cancer effects, but also has unintended consequences on other tissues.

Common Side Effects

Vasomotor Symptoms

Hot flashes are a common side effect of tamoxifen, affecting up to 17% of patients. 1 . These are characterized by sudden feelings of heat in the face and neck, often accompanied by sweating.

Gynecological

Tamoxifen is linked to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. 12 . It can also cause vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse.

Mental/Emotional

Tamoxifen can cause mental and emotional side effects such as depression, anxiety, and mood swings. 20 .

Sleep Issues

Sleep problems, including insomnia, are another reported side effect. 20 .

Other

Other potential side effects include weight gain, bone loss, vision problems, and skin rashes. 20 .

Side Effect Management

Hot Flashes

Hot flashes can be alleviated with cooling measures like air conditioning or cold showers. 20 . Dietary and exercise therapies may also help.

Vaginal Dryness

Lubricants can be helpful for vaginal dryness. 20 .

Mental/Emotional

Mental and emotional side effects can be managed through counseling or the use of antidepressants. 20 .

Weight Gain

Weight gain can be prevented with a combination of diet and exercise. 20 .

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Various studies consistently show that tamoxifen can cause side effects, including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, depression, and sleep problems. 1 , 20 .

Differences in Studies

Side effects of tamoxifen vary from person to person. 20 . The severity of side effects can be influenced by factors such as the dosage and duration of tamoxifen treatment.

Points to Note Regarding Application in Real Life

Tamoxifen is an effective drug for treating breast cancer, but it can have side effects. 20 . Consult with your doctor before taking tamoxifen to discuss potential risks and benefits.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of tamoxifen is ongoing and further research is needed. 20 . In particular, long-term side effects require more investigation. 20 .

Future Research Directions Needed

Further research is needed to develop new ways to reduce the side effects of tamoxifen. 20 . Additional studies on long-term side effects are also crucial. 20 .

Conclusion

Tamoxifen is a beneficial drug for treating breast cancer, but it can cause side effects. 20 . Consult with your doctor to make informed decisions about tamoxifen treatment and manage any side effects that may arise. 20 .

Literature analysis of 21 papers
Positive Content
18
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
1
Article Type
2
0
1
3
21
1.

Symptoms associated with tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women.

Author: LoveR R, CameronL, ConnellB L, LeventhalH

Disease-free survival
Gynecological symptoms
Vasomotor symptoms

Tamoxifen therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer was associated with significant perceived symptom 'cost', including vasomotor symptoms and gynecologic symptoms, potentially compromising long-term compliance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Influence of the anti-oestrogens tamoxifen and letrozole on thyroid function in women with early and advanced breast cancer: A systematic review.

Author: MarinaDjordje, RasmussenÅse Krogh, Buch-LarsenKristian, GillbergLinn, AnderssonMichael, SchwarzPeter

BC recurrence
Thyroid function

Tamoxifen and letrozole are anti-oestrogens used to prevent breast cancer recurrence. While their side effects are well-documented, their impact on thyroid function is less clear. This review explores the potential effects of tamoxifen and letrozole on thyroid function and their contribution to weight gain observed in breast cancer patients.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

CBD-oil as a potential solution in case of severe tamoxifen-related side effects.

Author: BuijsSanne M, BraalC Louwrens, BuckStefan A J, van MaanenNoud F, van der Meijden-ErkelensLonneke M, Kuijper-Tissot van PatotHeleen A, HoopEsther Oomen-de, SaesLotte, van den BoogerdSophia J, StruikLiesbeth E M, van Rossum-SchornagelQuirine C, MathijssenRon H J, KoolenStijn L W, JagerAgnes

Improved quality of life
Reduced endoxifen levels

This open-label, single-arm study investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of tamoxifen when using CBD-oil and evaluated the impact of CBD-oil on tamoxifen-related side effects. The study found that CBD-oil did not significantly affect the PK of tamoxifen and showed a clinically relevant improvement in side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Side effects of low-dose tamoxifen: results from a six-armed randomised controlled trial in healthy women.

Author: HammarströmMattias, GabrielsonMarike, CrippaAlessio, DiscacciatiAndrea, EklundMartin, LundholmCecilia, BäcklundMagnus, WengströmYvonne, BorgquistSigne, BergqvistJenny, ErikssonMikael, TapiaJosé, CzeneKamila, HallPer

Cancer prevention
Side effects

Adherence to tamoxifen therapy is suboptimal, and acceptance for primary prevention is poor. Low-dose tamoxifen therapy shows promise. This study describes side effects of standard and low-dose tamoxifen in healthy women using questionnaire data from a randomized controlled trial.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

The impact of endoxifen-guided tamoxifen dose reductions on endocrine side-effects in patients with primary breast cancer.

Author: BuijsS M, HoopE Oomen-de, BraalC L, van RosmalenM M, DroogerJ C, van Rossum-SchornagelQ C, VastbinderM B, KoolenS L W, JagerA, MathijssenR H J

Breast cancer treatment

Tamoxifen is a widely used drug for the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. However, many patients experience side effects that lead to non-compliance. This study investigated whether endoxifen-guided tamoxifen dose reduction could lead to fewer side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Antimicrobial, Antitumor and Side Effects Assessment of a Newly Synthesized Tamoxifen Analog.

Author: AbdmoulehFatma, El ArbiMehdi, SaadHajer Ben, JellaliKarim, KetataEmna, AmaraIbtissem Ben, PigeonPascal, HassenHanen Ben, TopSiden, JaouenGérard, HammamiRiadh, AliMamdouh Ben, GuptaGirish Kumar

Anti-tuberculosis activity
Antiparasitic activity
Breast cancer treatment
Side effects

This article reviews the uses and side effects of tamoxifen citrate, a drug commonly used for breast cancer treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Tamoxifen side effects: pharmacogenetic and clinical approach in Mexican mestizos.

Author: Rangel-MéndezJorge-Aarón, Rubi-CastellanosRodrigo, Sánchez-CruzJuan-Francisco, Moo-PucRosa Esther

Breast cancer treatment
Tamoxifen side effects

This study evaluated <i>CYP2D6</i> genotype and clinical variables as potential predictors of tamoxifen side effects (TSE) in Mexican Mestizo patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

A shortened tamoxifen induction scheme to induce CreER recombinase without side effects on the male mouse skeleton.

Author: JardíFerran, LaurentMichaël R, DuboisVanessa, KhalilRougin, DeboelLudo, SchollaertDieter, Van Den BoschLudo, DecallonneBrigitte, CarmelietGeert, ClaessensFrank, VanderschuerenDirk

CreER gene deletion
Tamoxifen side effects

Tamoxifen is a medication that can have off-target effects on bone and other androgen-responsive tissues. This study optimized a tamoxifen regimen for use in mice to minimize these side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Validation StudyResearch to assess the validity and reliability of new measurement methods or diagnostic tests.

Language : English

12.

Anordrin Eliminates Tamoxifen Side Effects without Changing Its Antitumor Activity.

Author: GuWenwen, XuWenping, SunXiaoxi, ZengBubing, WangShuangjie, DongNian, ZhangXu, ChenChengshui, YangLong, ChenGuowu, XinAijie, NiZhong, WangJian, YangJun

Anti-tumor activity
Reduced side effects of tamoxifen

Tamoxifen is a common treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, it can cause uterine endometrial cancer and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study found that anordrin, a drug marketed in China, can reduce these side effects without affecting tamoxifen's anti-tumor activity. Anordrin inhibits tamoxifen-induced endometrial epithelial cell mitosis and NAFLD in mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

The impact of tamoxifen brand switch on side effects and patient compliance in hormone receptor positive breast cancer patients.

Author: ZeidanB, AndersonK, PeirisL, RainsburyD, LawsS

Relapse prevention
Side effects

This study evaluates generic tamoxifen adherence and its correlation with side effects and brand switch.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

CYP2D6 genotype- and endoxifen-guided tamoxifen dose escalation increases endoxifen serum concentrations without increasing side effects.

Author: DezentjéV O, OpdamF L, GelderblomH, Hartigh denJ, Van der StraatenT, VreeR, MaartenseE, SmorenburgC H, PutterH, DieudonnéA S, NevenP, Van de VeldeC J H, NortierJ W R, GuchelaarH-J

Breast cancer treatment
Long-term toxic effects

Breast cancer patients with absent or reduced CYP2D6 activity may have lower endoxifen levels and less benefit from tamoxifen treatment. This study found that a one-step tamoxifen dose escalation significantly increased endoxifen concentrations in CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers, without increasing side effects. Further research is needed to assess long-term safety and effectiveness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

15.

A Pilot Study on Tamoxifen Sexual Side Effects and Hand Preference in Male Breast Cancer.

Author: MotofeiIon G, RowlandDavid L, PopaFlorian, BratucuEugen, StrajaDan, ManeaMirela, GeorgescuSimona R, PaunicaStana, BratucuMircea, BalalauCristian, ConstantinVlad D

Sexual dysfunction

This study suggests that hand preference, estrogens, and sexual function are linked in subjects with male breast cancer. Right-handed men may have higher sexual functioning than left-handed men, and left-handed men may experience greater decreases in sexual functioning during tamoxifen treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

A review on the role of L-carnitine in the management of tamoxifen side effects in treated women with breast cancer.

Author: El-AshmawyNahla E, KhalilRania M

Breast cancer treatment

This review suggests that L-carnitine may be a beneficial add-on therapy for breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen, potentially improving side effects, reducing the risk of cancer recurrence, and mitigating tamoxifen resistance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Side effects associated with ultrarapid cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.

Author: RollaR, VidaliM, MeolaS, PollaroloP, FanelloM R, NicolottiC, SaggiaC, FortiL, AgostinoF D, RossiV, BorraG, StraticaF, AlabisoO, BellomoG

Breast cancer treatment
Side effects

This study aims to evaluate the association between the presence of multiple functional CYP2D6 alleles and the occurrence of side effects of tamoxifen, a drug widely used for the treatment and the prevention of recurrence in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

A comparison of survival outcomes and side effects of toremifene or tamoxifen therapy in premenopausal estrogen and progesterone receptor positive breast cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study.

Author: GuRan, JiaWeijuan, ZengYunjie, RaoNanyan, HuYue, LiShunrong, WuJiannan, JinLiang, ChenLijuan, LongMeijun, ChenKai, ChenLili, XiaoQiaozhen, WuMei, SongErwei, SuFengxi

Breast cancer treatment

This retrospective study sought to establish the role of toremifene as an endocrine therapy for premenopausal patients with estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive breast cancer besides tamoxifen.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Clinical and biomarker predictors of side effects from tamoxifen.

Author: LorizioWendy, WuAlan H B, BeattieMary S, RugoHope, TchuSimone, KerlikowskeKarla, ZivElad

Breast cancer recurrence reduction
Breast cancer reduction
Depression
Hot flashes
Sleep problems
Vaginal dryness
Weight gain

This study identified predictors of tamoxifen-induced side effects in 241 women taking tamoxifen. Tamoxifen duration, age, prior post-menopausal HT, and endoxifen levels all predicted side effects. Women who had been on tamoxifen for >12 months were less likely to report side effects. Women with higher endoxifen levels were more likely to report side effects. Clinicians should consider closely monitoring adherence in women taking tamoxifen, especially in younger women and women who previously took HT.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Retrospective review of male breast cancer patients: analysis of tamoxifen-related side-effects.

Author: PemmarajuN, MunsellM F, HortobagyiG N, GiordanoS H

Breast cancer treatment
Sexual dysfunction
Thromboembolic events
Weight gain

Tamoxifen, a common antihormonal treatment for male breast cancer, was associated with a high rate of discontinuation due to toxicity. The most frequent toxicities reported were weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of antihormonal agents specifically for male breast cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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