Effects of zdv: A Synthesis of Findings from 25 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Zidovudine (ZDV) is a drug widely used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Studies have shown that ZDV can be effective in treating HIV infection, preventing mother-to-child transmission, and potentially treating COVID-19. However, the use of ZDV is associated with the risk of side effects, so it is important to determine an appropriate treatment plan considering its benefits and side effects.

In the treatment of HIV infection, ZDV, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, has been shown to suppress viral load and restore immune function. 24 、、 23 、 21 、 19 、 18 、 16 、 15 、 14 、 13 、 12 、 11 、 10 、 9 、 7 、 6 、 5 、 4 、 3 These studies demonstrate that ZDV plays an important role in the treatment of HIV infection.

In preventing mother-to-child transmission, ZDV significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection in newborns when pregnant mothers take ZDV. 22 、 20 、 16 、 14 、 9 、 5 、 4 ZDV is widely used as an effective drug in preventing mother-to-child transmission.

In treating COVID-19, ZDV may exhibit antiviral effects. 8 、 3 These studies suggest that ZDV may be effective in treating COVID-19.

Benefits and risks

Benefit summary

Zidovudine (ZDV) may be effective in treating HIV infection, preventing mother-to-child transmission, and potentially treating COVID-19. ZDV, in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, has been shown to suppress viral load and restore immune function in the treatment of HIV infection. In preventing mother-to-child transmission, ZDV significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection in newborns when pregnant mothers take ZDV. In treating COVID-19, ZDV may exhibit antiviral effects.

Risk summary

The use of ZDV is associated with the risk of side effects. Side effects such as anemia, gastrointestinal symptoms, liver dysfunction, and kidney dysfunction have been reported. ZDV may also affect the fetus, so caution is required when taken by pregnant women. 22 、 20 、 16 、 14 、 10 、 9 、 5 、 4 Taking ZDV should be done under the guidance of a doctor and be aware of the occurrence of side effects.

Comparison of studies

Commonalities of studies

Many studies have shown the effectiveness of ZDV in the treatment of HIV infection. It has also been shown to significantly reduce the risk of HIV infection in newborns when pregnant mothers take ZDV. Furthermore, some studies suggest that ZDV may be effective in treating COVID-19.

Differences of studies

The effectiveness and side effects of ZDV may vary depending on the study. For example, the side effects of ZDV vary depending on the patient's age, health condition, and concomitant medications. Also, the administration method and dosage of ZDV vary depending on the study. Therefore, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic effects and side effects of ZDV.

Consistency and inconsistencies of the results

Many studies have shown the effectiveness of ZDV, but some studies have reported the side effects of ZDV. The side effects of ZDV vary depending on the patient's age, health condition, and concomitant medications, so it is not possible to conclude definitively about the side effects of ZDV. In addition, further research is needed on the relationship between the effectiveness and side effects of ZDV.

Notes on real-life applications

ZDV may be effective in treating HIV infection, preventing mother-to-child transmission, and potentially treating COVID-19, but it also carries the risk of side effects. Taking ZDV should be done under the guidance of a doctor and be aware of the occurrence of side effects. If you are considering taking ZDV, be sure to consult your doctor.

Limitations of current research

Research on ZDV is still insufficient. In particular, research on the side effects of ZDV is still limited. More research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the effectiveness and side effects of ZDV. In addition, further consideration is needed on the administration method, dosage, and concomitant medications of ZDV.

Future research directions

Future research should focus on gaining a deeper understanding of the effectiveness and side effects of ZDV. In particular, since research on the side effects of ZDV is lacking, research to clarify the mechanism and risk factors of side effects is important. In addition, research is needed to establish the optimal treatment method for the administration method, dosage, and concomitant medications of ZDV.

Conclusion

Zidovudine (ZDV) may be effective in treating HIV infection, preventing mother-to-child transmission, and potentially treating COVID-19. However, the use of ZDV is associated with the risk of side effects, so it is important to determine an appropriate treatment plan considering its benefits and side effects. Taking ZDV should be done under the guidance of a doctor and be aware of the occurrence of side effects. If you are considering taking ZDV, be sure to consult your doctor.

Literature analysis of 25 papers
Positive Content
14
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
7
Article Type
4
2
2
1
25
1.

Effects of ZDV-based patient education on intentions toward ZDV use, HIV testing and reproduction among a US cohort of women.

Author: HealtonC, TaylorS, MesseriP, WeinbergG, BamjiM

HIV transmission reduction
ZDV therapy
ZDV resistance

This study examined the effects of a patient education brochure on knowledge, behavioral intentions, and attitudes toward zidovudine (ZDV) therapy during pregnancy. The brochure increased knowledge and intentions to take ZDV.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Survival effects of ZDV, ddI, and ddC in patients with CD4 < or = 50 cells/mm3.

Author: KazempourK, KammermanL A, FarrS S

HIV treatment effective
consistent treatment effects

A meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials showed no evidence that treatment effects differed between HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts < or = 50 cells/mm3 and those with CD4 > 50 cells/mm3. The results suggest that antiviral treatment effects are similar across different CD4 subgroups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

3.

Antiviral Effect of 5'-Arylchalcogeno-3-aminothymidine Derivatives in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Author: TucciAmanda Resende, da RosaRaquel Mello, RosaAlice Santos, Augusto ChavesOtávio, FerreiraVivian Neuza Santos, OliveiraThamara Kelcya Fonseca, Coutinho SouzaDaniel Dias, BorbaNathalia Roberto Resende, DornellesLuciano, RochaNayra Salazar, MayerJoão Candido Pilar, da RochaJoão B Teixeira, RodriguesOscar Endrigo D, MirandaMilene Dias

Antiviral activity
COVID-19 treatment
Organotellurium toxicity

This study evaluated the antiviral activity of selenium and tellurium containing AZT derivatives against SARS-CoV-2. Organoselenium derivatives showed potent antiviral activity and lower cytotoxicity compared to organotellurium derivatives.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Maternal and infant renal safety following tenofovir disoproxil fumarate exposure during pregnancy in a randomized control trial.

Author: BaltrusaitisKristin, MakananiBonus, TierneyCamlin, FowlerMary Glenn, MoodleyDhayendre, TheronGerhard, NyakudyaLynette H, TomuMusunga, FairlieLee, GeorgeKathleen, HeckmanBarbara, KnowlesKevin, BrowningRenee, SiberryGeorge K, TahaTaha E, Stranix-ChibandaLynda,

HIV prevention
Renal safety

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is an effective drug for preventing perinatal HIV infection, but more research is needed to fully understand its renal safety for mothers during pregnancy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with HAART and monotherapy.

Author: PortwoodClara, MurrayClaudia, SextonHarriet, KumarendranMary, BrandonZoe, JohnsonBradley, KirtleyShona, HemelaarJoris

Reduced LBW risk
Reduced PTB risk
Increased LBW risk
Increased PTB risk
Increased SGA risk

Pregnant women with HIV receiving HAART had an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age compared with HIV-negative women. Pregnant women with HIV receiving ZDV monotherapy had a comparable risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, but an increased risk of small for gestational age compared to HIV-negative women.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

6.

Relative Dose Intensity and Pathologic Response Rates in Patients With Breast Cancer and With and Without HIV Who Received Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Author: MarteiYehoda M, NarasimhamurthyMohan, SetlhakoDipho I, AyaneGezahen, RalefalaTlotlo, ChiyapoSebathu, GrossRobert, ShulmanLawrence N, GroverSurbhi, DeMicheleAngela

HIV-positive survival

This study assessed whether pathologic complete response (pCR) and relative dose intensity (RDI) of chemotherapy were lower in HIV-positive patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The authors investigated potential disparities in treatment response and outcomes between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with breast cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

9.

In utero and peripartum antiretroviral exposure as predictor of cognition in 6- to 10-year-old HIV-exposed Ugandan children - a prospective cohort study.

Author: EzeamamaA E, ZalwangoS K, SikorskiiA, TukeR, MusokeP M, GiordaniB, BoivinM J

Cognitive impairment

This study investigated the association between in utero/peripartum antiretroviral (IPA) exposure and cognition in Ugandan children perinatally infected with HIV. The study found no significant association between IPA exposure and cognitive function, including executive function (EF) and socioemotional adjustment (SEA).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

In-utero exposure to zidovudine-containing antiretroviral therapy and clonal hematopoiesis in HIV-exposed uninfected newborns.

Author: LinShu-Hong, WangYoujin, HartleyStephen W, KaryadiDanielle M, LeeOlivia W, ZhuBin, ZhouWeiyin, BrownDerek W, Beilstein-WedelErin, HazraRohan, KacanekDeborah, ChadwickEllen G, MarsitCarmen J, PoirierMiriam C, BrummelSean S, ChanockStephen J, EngelsEric A, MachielaMitchell J,

Clonal hematopoiesis
ZDV exposure

A study of 94 HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) newborns who were ZDV-exposed and 91 ART-unexposed newborns found that clonal hematopoiesis at levels detectable in the study was not strongly influenced by in-utero ZDV exposure.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

11.

Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: IMPAACT Protocol P1092.

Author: OworMaxensia, TierneyCamlin, ZiembaLauren, BrowningRenee, MoyeJohn, GrahamBobbie, RedingChristina, CostelloDiane, NormanJennifer, WiesnerLubbe, HughesEmma, WhalenMeghan E, PurdueLynette, MmbagaBlandina Theophil, KamthunziPortia, KawalaziraRachel, NathooKusum, BradfordSarah, ColettiAnne, AweekaFrancesca, MusokePhilippa

HIV treatment efficacy

Pharmacokinetic and safety findings for zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir support current World Health Organization weight band dosing of syrup formulations in children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

13.

Determination of reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations in HIV-1 infected children in Côte d'Ivoire.

Author: Camara-CisseMassara, DjohanYouzan Ferdinad, ToniThomas d'Aquin, DechiJean-Jacques Renaud, N'DinJean-Louis Philippe, LohouesEsmel Essis, MondeAbsalome Aké, GogbeLeto Olivier, BrouEmmanuel, FieniFlore, MansourFranck Adéoti, AbyRoland, KouakouKouadio, ChenalHenri

HIV treatment
Antiretroviral resistance
HIV resistance

HIV resistance to antiretrovirals is increasing, especially in children. This study assessed resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) in HIV-1 infected children in Côte d'Ivoire using genotypic resistance tests and phylogenetic analysis. The results showed a high prevalence of resistance to RTIs, highlighting the need for accessible viral load and genotypic resistance monitoring in children undergoing treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Safety and Efficacy of Starting Antiretroviral Therapy in the First Week of Life.

Author: MaswabiKenneth, AjibolaGbolahan, BennettKara, CapparelliEdmund V, Jean-PhilippePatrick, MoyoSikhulile, MohammedTerence, BatlangOganne, SakoiMaureen, LockmanShahin, MakhemaJoseph, LichterfeldMathias, KuritzkesDaniel R, HughesMichael D, ShapiroRoger L

Effective HIV treatment
Safe for neonates
Poor palatability
Transient viral increases

NVP/ZDV/3TC started in the first week of life was safe and effective for HIV-infected infants, even with trough NVP levels below target. Transient viral increases occurred following transition to LPV/r, but by 12 and 24 weeks, most children achieved and maintained viral suppression.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Association between HIV antiretroviral therapy and preterm birth based on antenatal ultrasound gestational age determination: a comparative analysis.

Author: VenkateshKartik Kailas, FarhadMona, FentonTerry, MoodleyDhayendre, NaikShilpa, NakabiitoClemensia, FairlieLee, FowlerMary Glenn, StringerJeffrey S A, ChiBenjamin H

Preterm birth

Women starting HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy remain at higher risk of preterm birth (PTB) when determined by ultrasound, consistent with prior data using newborn exam. However, newborn exam misclassified cases of PTB compared with gold standard ultrasound.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

19.

Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Albuminuria in HIVinfected Persons.

Author: AdedejiTewogbade Adeoye, AdebisiSimeon Adelani, AdedejiNife Olamide

Improved renal function
Albuminuria with HAART

HAART, especially tenofovir DF-containing regimens, was associated with albuminuria in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected individuals. However, albuminuria and microalbuminuria improved on all three HAART regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Safety of 6-week Neonatal Triple-combination Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis in High-risk HIV-exposed Infants.

Author: AnugulruengkittSuvaporn, SuntarattiwongPiyarat, OunchanumPradthana, SrirompotongUssanee, JantarabenjakulWatsamon, SophonphanJiratchaya, PunnahitanonSunti, PancharoenChitsanu, CresseyTim R, ChokephaibulkitKulkanya, PuthanakitThanyawee,

Prevent HIV transmission
Adverse events

Zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine is safe for neonatal postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV-exposed infants.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Association between zidovudine-containing antiretroviral therapy exposure in utero and leukocyte telomere length at birth.

Author: WangYoujin, BrummelSean S, Beilstein-WedelErin, DagnallCasey L, HazraRohan, KacanekDeborah, ChadwickEllen G, MarsitCarmen J, ChanockStephen J, SavageSharon A, PoirierMiriam C, MachielaMitchell J, EngelsEric A,

Longer telomere length

Relative telomere length was longer in ZDV-exposed infants compared to unexposed infants, which may reflect beneficial health effects of ART during pregnancy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

22.

Risk Factors for Adverse Birth Outcomes in the PROMISE 1077BF/1077FF Trial.

Author: SebikariDorothy, FarhadMona, FentonTerry, OworMaxensia, StringerJeffrey S A, QinMin, ChakhtouraNahida, ChiBenjamin H, SaidiFriday, NevrekarNeetal, ViolariAvy, ChipatoTsungai, McIntyreJames A, MoodleyDhayendre, TahaTaha E, TheronGerhard, FowlerMary Glenn

LBW
PTD

This multicountry trial found that women initiating a protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral treatment regimen had a significantly higher risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery compared to those receiving ZDV alone. Tenofovir/emtricitabine was associated with more severe outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

23.

A viral genome wide association study and genotypic resistance testing in patients failing first line antiretroviral therapy in the first large countrywide Ethiopian HIV cohort.

Author: TeleleNigus Fikrie, KaluAmare Worku, Gebre-SelassieSolomon, FekadeDaniel, MarroneGaetano, GrossmannSebastian, NeogiUjjwal, TegbaruBelete, SönnerborgAnders

HIVDR research

A large nationwide cohort in Ethiopia showed that acquired drug resistance mutations in the pol gene were associated with virological treatment failure in HIV patients starting first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

24.

Intrinsic Replication Competences of HIV Strains After Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine Treatment in the Philippines.

Author: KageyamaSeiji, Amolong HinayAlfredo, TelanElizabeth Freda Omengan, SamonteGenesis May Jopson, LeanoPrisca Susan Agustin, Tsuneki-TokunagaAkeno, KanaiKyosuke

Drug resistance

Drug-resistant HIV strains can still reproduce in the body.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Minority and majority pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance associated with failure of first-line nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral therapy in Kenyan women.

Author: MilneRoss S, SilvermanRachel A, BeckIngrid A, Mckernan-MullinJennifer, DengWenjie, SibleyThomas R, DrossSandra, KiarieJames N, SakrSamah R, CoombsRobert W, ChungMichael H, FrenkelLisa M

PMTCT
Virologic failure

Pre-ART HIV drug resistance is associated with virologic failure in women initiating first-line NNRTI-based ART. This study highlights the importance of pre-ART drug resistance testing and its impact on treatment outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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