Side Effects of zidovudine injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Zidovudine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug commonly used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Several studies have investigated the side effects of AZT, with findings suggesting various adverse reactions. 16 , 20 , 9 , 1 , 5 , , 2 , 8 , 3 . These side effects can be attributed to AZT's impact on various bodily systems, including the bone marrow, immune system, and digestive system. Additionally, AZT can interact with other medications, which may increase the risk of side effects. 22 .

Reasons for Side Effects

AZT's side effects arise from its mechanism of action. AZT inhibits reverse transcriptase, an enzyme crucial for HIV replication. However, AZT can also affect human cells, leading to various adverse reactions.

Common Side Effects

Anemia

One of the most commonly observed side effects of AZT is anemia, which is a decrease in red blood cell count. 1 . AZT can suppress bone marrow function, hindering the production of red blood cells, leading to anemia.

Leukopenia

Another common side effect is leukopenia, a reduction in white blood cell count. 1 . This reduction in white blood cells can increase the susceptibility to infections.

Thrombocytopenia

AZT can also cause thrombocytopenia, a decrease in platelet count. 1 . This reduction in platelets can increase the risk of bleeding.

Nausea

Nausea is another frequently reported side effect of AZT. 1 .

Fatigue

Fatigue is a common side effect that may occur with AZT treatment. 1 .

Headache

Headaches are also a common side effect of AZT. 1 .

Muscle pain

Muscle pain has been reported as a side effect of AZT treatment. 13 .

Fever

Fever can also occur as a side effect of AZT treatment. 13 .

Loss of appetite

Loss of appetite is another potential side effect associated with AZT. 9 .

Weight loss

Weight loss is also a possible side effect of AZT. 9 .

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Anemia

Iron supplements or other treatments may be required to manage anemia.

Leukopenia

Preventing infections is crucial for individuals with leukopenia. Appropriate treatment is necessary if an infection develops.

Thrombocytopenia

Bleeding prevention is essential for those with thrombocytopenia. Prompt treatment is crucial if bleeding occurs.

Nausea

Dietary modifications and medications can help alleviate nausea. Anti-nausea medications can also be effective.

Fatigue

Getting enough rest is important to manage fatigue. Dietary and exercise therapy can also help improve fatigue levels.

Headache

Taking analgesics can be effective in managing headaches.

Muscle pain

Rest is crucial for muscle pain. Warm or cold therapy can help alleviate muscle pain.

Fever

Taking antipyretics can be effective in reducing fever. Adequate hydration is also vital.

Loss of appetite

Consuming nutrient-rich foods is essential to address loss of appetite. Appetite stimulants can also be helpful.

Weight loss

Consuming nutrient-rich foods and getting sufficient rest are vital for weight loss management.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Several studies have consistently reported anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, fatigue, and headaches as side effects of AZT. Additionally, studies indicate that AZT can interact with other medications, potentially increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Differences in Studies

The frequency and severity of side effects observed in each study can vary. Furthermore, the management of AZT side effects can differ across studies.

Precautions for Application in Daily Life

While AZT is a valuable drug for treating HIV infection, it's essential to remember that it carries the risk of side effects. If you are taking AZT, adhere to your doctor's instructions and promptly contact your doctor if you experience any side effects.

Current Limitations of Research

Research on AZT side effects is still insufficient. Specifically, there is limited knowledge about long-term side effects. Additionally, the incidence and severity of AZT side effects can vary greatly from person to person, highlighting the need for more extensive research.

Future Research Directions

It is crucial to continue researching AZT side effects. Specifically, studies are needed to determine the incidence and severity of long-term side effects. The development of new treatment strategies to mitigate AZT side effects is also essential.

Conclusion

AZT is a valuable drug for treating HIV infection, but it's important to acknowledge the associated risk of side effects. If you are taking AZT, it is vital to understand the potential risks and benefits, and follow your doctor's instructions closely. Research on AZT side effects is still ongoing, and more extensive studies are necessary in the future.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Short-term reduction in p24 antigen levels
2
Treats Kaposi's sarcoma
3
CD4 increase
HIV treatment
4
Improves clinical status
Improves immunologic status
Improves stomatitis
5
CD4+ cell increase
NK cell activity
6
ATL treatment
7
Few side effects
Increased neutrophils in zidovudine-treated patients
8
Antiviral effect
Reduced neutropenia
9
AIDS treatment
CD4 cell increase
Immunomodulation
10
Increase CD4+ cell levels
11
HIV prevention
Hepatitis B prevention
12
Benefit in chronic hepatitis B
Effective against Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS
Effective against chronic infections
Improvement in chronic hepatitis C
Nasal IFN alpha for cold prevention
Synergistic inhibition of HIV with zidovudine
Useful for papillomavirus warts
13
Reduced side effects
Sustained AZT delivery
14
Lipoatrophy treatment
15
HIV prevention
16
Cardioprotection
17
CD4 T cell increase
18
Improved HIV management
19
Kaposi's sarcoma treatment
20
Increased CD4+ cell count
21
Stimulate white blood cell
Treatment for Kaposi sarcoma
23
HIV transmission prevention
24
Risk Keywords
Bone marrow changes
Hemoglobin decrease
Zidovudine side effects
1
CD4+ cell count decline
No lasting antiviral activity
2
Myelotoxicity
3
Side effects
4
Hematologic disorders
5
Lymphopenia
6
Bone
joint
or muscle pain
CMV infection
Thrombocytopenia
8
Anemia
Anorexia
Fatigue
Side effects
Weight loss
9
HIV p24 antigenemia
Zidovudine side effects
10
Anaphylactic reactions
Mental status changes
11
Dose-related side effects
Fatigue and depression
Nasal mucosa damage
Neutralizing antibodies
13
Toxicity
14
Financial concerns
Noncompliance
Side effects
16
Cardiac muscle toxicity
Myopathy
17
Toxic effects
18
Bone marrow depression
Fatigue
Fever
Myalgia
20
Side effects
21
ZDV toxicity
22
Tumor-like infiltration
23
Side effects
24
Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
5
0
0
3
24
1.

Nature, time course and dose dependence of zidovudine-related side effects: results from the Multicenter Canadian Azidothymidine Trial.

Author: GelmonK, MontanerJ S, FanningM, SmithJ R, FalutzJ, TsoukasC, GillJ, WellsG, O'ShaughnessyM, WainbergM

Bone marrow changes
Hemoglobin decrease
Zidovudine side effects

Zidovudine treatment resulted in dose-dependent side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and headache, with a decrease in hemoglobin and bone marrow changes.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Zidovudine-interferon-alpha combination therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: biphasic response of p24 antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Author: EdlinB R, WeinsteinR A, WhalingS M, OuC Y, ConnollyP J, MooreJ L, BitranJ D

Short-term reduction in p24 antigen levels
CD4+ cell count decline
No lasting antiviral activity

The combination of zidovudine and interferon-alpha showed short-term effects in reducing p24 antigen levels in patients with HIV-1 infection, but did not show lasting antiviral activity beyond zidovudine alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

The safety of intravenous chemotherapy and zidovudine when treating epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma.

Author: BruntA M, GoodmanA G, PhillipsR H, YouleM S, GazzardB G

Treats Kaposi's sarcoma
Myelotoxicity

Combining zidovudine with cytotoxic chemotherapy was safe and effective in 16 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial.

Author: GordonM, BihariB, GoosbyE, GorterR, GrecoM, GuralnikM, MimuraT, RudinickiV, WongR, KanekoY

CD4 increase
HIV treatment
Side effects

Lentinan is a beta 1-->3 glucan isolated from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake mushroom) which has immune modulating properties. Two phase I/II placebo-controlled trials were conducted on a total of 98 patients. This study confirms, in Caucasian subjects also, the good tolerability of lentinan observed in Japanese cancer patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Use of two virustatica (AZT, PMEA) in the treatment of FIV and of FeLV seropositive cats with clinical symptoms.

Author: HartmannK, DonathA, BeerB, EgberinkH F, HorzinekM C, LutzH, Hoffmann-FezerG, ThumI, ThefeldS

Improves clinical status
Improves immunologic status
Improves stomatitis
Hematologic disorders

PMEA was more effective than AZT in treating FIV and FeLV infections in cats, improving clinical status and immune function. However, PMEA had severe hematological side effects, limiting its long-term use.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

A phase I study of subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with advanced HIV disease while on zidovudine.

Author: McMahonD K, ArmstrongJ A, HuangX L, RinaldoC R, GuptaP, WhitesideT L, PazinG J, TripoliC, HoM

CD4+ cell increase
NK cell activity
Lymphopenia

Subcutaneous rIL-2 was well-tolerated in patients with advanced HIV infection, with side effects similar to intravenous IL-2. It increased the number of eosinophils, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and CD16+ cells, and boosted natural killer cell activity against uninfected and HIV-infected targets for up to 10 weeks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Treatment of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma: current strategy and future perspectives.

Author: BazarbachiA, HermineO

ATL treatment

This article discusses the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). The combination of zidovudine (AZT) and interferon-alpha (IFN) has shown promising results in ATL patients, and new therapeutic approaches, such as immunotherapy and the use of arsenic trioxide, are being investigated.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

A phase I/II trial of zidovudine, interferon-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Author: DaveyR T, DaveyV J, MetcalfJ A, ZurloJ J, KovacsJ A, FalloonJ, PolisM A, ZunichK M, MasurH, LaneH C

Antiviral effect
Reduced neutropenia
Anemia
Anorexia
Fatigue
Side effects
Weight loss

The study investigated the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to prevent neutropenia, a side effect of zidovudine and interferon-alpha therapy in HIV-1 patients. Low-dose GM-CSF effectively reversed neutropenia without affecting the antiviral effects of the combination therapy.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

10.

Intralymphatic interleukin-2 in combination with zidovudine for the therapy of patients with AIDS.

Author: HarrerT, SchwabJ, StruffW G, SchmittM, FickerJ H, RödlW, ParschH, KaldenJ R, GramatzkiM

AIDS treatment
CD4 cell increase
Immunomodulation
HIV p24 antigenemia
Zidovudine side effects

A pilot study assessed the safety and therapeutic effects of intralymphatic interleukin-2 (IL-2) combined with zidovudine in nine patients with AIDS. The therapy induced positive immunomodulatory effects, with increased lymph node size and CD4 cell counts. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term effects of this combination therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

A phase II study of effect of addition of trichosanthin to zidovudine in patients with HIV disease and failing antiretroviral agents.

Author: ByersV S, LevinA S, MalvinoA, WaitesL, RobinsR A, BaldwinR W

Increase CD4+ cell levels
Anaphylactic reactions
Mental status changes

Trichosanthin, a ribosomal inhibitory protein, was added to the antiretroviral treatment regimen of 93 HIV-infected patients. The addition of trichosanthin resulted in a significant increase in CD4+ cell levels, with a median increase of 1.2 cells/mm3/month. This suggests that trichosanthin may be a promising addition to HIV treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Lipoatrophy in patients with AIDS: treatment with polymethylmethacrylate in Amazonas, Brazil.

Author: OrsiAna Tereza, MirandaAngélica Espinosa, SouzaAndrea Cavalcante, SilvaLeila Cristina, DiasGisele Reis, TalhariCarolina, TalhariSinesio, SantosMonica

Lipoatrophy treatment

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) can be used to treat lipoatrophy in patients with AIDS.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

HIV postexposure prophylaxis for children and adolescents.

Author: BablF E, CooperE R, DamonB, LouieT, KharaschS, HarrisJ A

HIV prevention
Financial concerns
Noncompliance
Side effects

HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the nonoccupational setting for children and adolescents presents a medical and management challenge, and requires a coordinated effort.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Protection of azidothymidine-induced cardiopathology in mice by mildronate, a mitochondria-targeted drug.

Author: KlusaVija, PupureJolanta, IsajevsSergejs, RumaksJuris, GordjushinaValentina, KratovskaAina, TaivansImmanuels, SvirskisSimons, ViksnaLudmila, KalvinshIvars

Cardioprotection
Cardiac muscle toxicity
Myopathy

Mildronate, a cardioprotective drug, was found to effectively protect against azidothymidine-induced cardiopathology in mice. It prevented degeneration and inflammation of cardiac tissue and reduced the expression of nuclear factor kappaBp65 (NF-kappaBp65).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Comparison of subcutaneous and intravenous interleukin-2 in asymptomatic HIV-1 infection: a randomised controlled trial. ANRS 048 study group.

Author: LevyY, CapitantC, HouhouS, CarriereI, ViardJ P, GoujardC, GastautJ A, OksenhendlerE, BoumsellL, GomardE, RabianC, WeissL, GuilletJ G, DelfraissyJ F, AboulkerJ P, SeligmannM

CD4 T cell increase
Toxic effects

Interleukin-2 therapy was compared to antiviral treatment alone in HIV-1-infected patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Key Principles of Antiretroviral Pharmacology.

Author: DionneBrandon

Improved HIV management

Antiretroviral therapy has come a long way since the first medication was approved in the 1980s. Today, there are many effective and well-tolerated antiretroviral medications available, which have made HIV a manageable chronic condition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Combined treatment with zidovudine and lymphoblast interferon-alpha in patients with HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

Author: BaumannR, TäuberM G, OpravilM, HirschelB, KinlochS, ChaveJ P, PletscherM, LüthyR

Kaposi's sarcoma treatment
Bone marrow depression
Fatigue
Fever
Myalgia

A combination of zidovudine and interferon-alpha showed clinical, antiretroviral, and immunological efficacy in treating AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, with a 40% overall response rate. The treatment was associated with significant side effects, including bone marrow depression and subjective adverse experiences.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

A randomized, controlled, phase II trial comparing escalating doses of subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus antiretrovirals versus antiretrovirals alone in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with CD4+ cell counts >/=350/mm3.

Author: LossoM H, BellosoW H, EmeryS, BenetucciJ A, CahnP E, LasalaM C, LopardoG, SalomonH, SaraccoM, NelsonE, LawM G, DaveyR T, AllendeM C, LaneH C

Increased CD4+ cell count
Side effects

Subcutaneous IL-2 at doses of 4.5 MIU and 7.5 MIU resulted in significant increases in CD4+ cell count in patients with HIV.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

22.

Methadone effects on zidovudine disposition (AIDS Clinical Trials Group 262).

Author: McCance-KatzE F, RaineyP M, JatlowP, FriedlandG

ZDV toxicity

Methadone treatment increased oral and intravenous ZDV exposure in HIV patients. This increase may be due to inhibition of ZDV glucuronidation and decreased renal clearance.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

23.

[Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in treatment of patients with HIV-associated mucocutaneous Kaposi sarcoma. Successful use in virus and drug-induced leukopenia].

Author: SchröderK, GarbeC, WaibelM, ReupkeH, DetmarM, DallenbachF, OrfanosC E

Stimulate white blood cell
Treatment for Kaposi sarcoma
Tumor-like infiltration

Three patients with HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma were successfully treated with human recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to manage leucopenia. G-CSF effectively increased white blood cell counts, enabling continued treatment with other therapies.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

24.

[HIV/AIDS prophylaxis following exposure].

Author: BouvetElisabeth

HIV transmission prevention
Side effects

This study reviews the current practice of antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis in France. While antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis is widely prescribed, its efficacy is not fully established. The study highlights the importance of limiting indications to documented cases and ensuring appropriate medical monitoring.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

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