Side Effects of amiloride: A Synthesis of Findings from 26 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Amiloride is a medication used to treat various conditions, including hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure. It works by blocking sodium channels, leading to reduced sodium levels in the body and subsequently lowering blood pressure. 19 , 25 , 3

Amiloride can also be used as a diuretic, which helps remove excess water from the body through the kidneys, thus reducing body fluid levels and lowering blood pressure. , 11

Amiloride can also be used as an anti-aldosterone medication, blocking the effects of aldosterone, further reducing sodium levels and lowering blood pressure. 18 , 17

Reasons for Side Effects

Amiloride's mechanism of action involves blocking sodium channels. Therefore, side effects might arise in tissues where sodium channels play a crucial role. 3

Common Side Effects

Hyperkalemia

Amiloride can lead to hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood) by interfering with potassium excretion from the kidneys. 25 , 18 , 12 , 20 , 9

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Amiloride can cause gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. 14 , 21

Skin Symptoms

Amiloride might cause skin side effects, including rash, itching, and hives. 14

Neurological Symptoms

Amiloride could cause neurological side effects like headache, dizziness, and lightheadedness. 2 , 1 , 24

Kidney Symptoms

Amiloride might cause kidney-related side effects, including worsened kidney function and reduced urine output. 23 , 9

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Hyperkalemia

To prevent hyperkalemia, a potassium-restricted diet is crucial. If hyperkalemia develops, potassium-excreting medications might be prescribed under a doctor's guidance. 25 , 18 , 12 , 9

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Taking amiloride after meals can help prevent gastrointestinal issues. If such symptoms occur, antiemetics and antidiarrheal medications might be prescribed under a doctor's guidance. 14 , 21

Skin Symptoms

If skin symptoms develop, topical steroids might be applied under a doctor's guidance. 14

Neurological Symptoms

If neurological symptoms appear, the doctor might consider reducing the dosage or discontinuing the medication. 2 , 1 , 24

Kidney Symptoms

If kidney function worsens, the doctor might consider reducing the dosage or discontinuing the medication. 23 , 9

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities in Studies

Numerous studies have shown that amiloride blocks sodium channels and is effective in treating hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure. , 19 , 25 , 18 , 11 , 3

Differences in Studies

The reported side effects of amiloride vary across studies. For instance, one study mentioned hyperkalemia, while another reported gastrointestinal symptoms. 25 , 18 , 11 , 14 , 21 , 2 , 1 , 24 , 23 , 9 This likely stems from differences in study participants' age, gender, medical conditions, dosage, and treatment duration.

Cautions Regarding Real-Life Applications

While amiloride is an effective medication for treating hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure, it also carries the risk of side effects. Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking amiloride. , 19 , 25 , 18 , 11 , 3

Limitations of Current Research

Research on amiloride's side effects is still insufficient. Therefore, further research is necessary to gain a complete understanding of its side effects. 11 , 20

Future Research Directions

To delve deeper into the side effects of amiloride, the following research is needed. 11 , 20

  • Research to uncover the mechanisms behind amiloride's side effects
  • Research to develop methods for preventing amiloride's side effects
  • Research to develop methods for treating amiloride's side effects

Conclusion

Amiloride is an effective drug for treating hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure, but it carries the risk of side effects. It is crucial to always follow your doctor's instructions when taking amiloride. , 19 , 25 , 18 , 11 , 3

Literature analysis of 26 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
3
0
2
7
26
1.

Double-blind controlled study of central nervous system side effects of amantadine, rimantadine, and chlorpheniramine.

Author: MilletV M, DreisbachM, BrysonY J

No effect on cognitive performance
Enhanced side effects with combination therapy
Side effects

Amantadine, rimantadine, and chlorpheniramine did not affect cognitive performance in 52 healthy volunteers. Subjective side effects were minimal and comparable across groups. Combining amantadine and chlorpheniramine appeared to enhance side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

A prospective double-blind study of side effects associated with the administration of amantadine for influenza A virus prophylaxis.

Author: BrysonY J, MonahanC, PollackM, ShieldsW D

Amantadine efficacy
Amantadine side effects

Amantadine had notable side effects such as dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and decreased attention span.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

The effect of amiloride in decreasing albuminuria in patients with diabetic kidney diseases: a prospective, crossover, open-label study.

Author: LiRuizhao, XieZhiyong, ZhangLi, HuangYing, MaJianchao, DongWei, LiZhilian, ChenYuanhan, LiangHuaban, WuYanhua, ZhaoXingchen, WangWenjian, YeZhiming, LiuShuangxin, ShiWei, LiangXinling

Reduced albuminuria

Amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic, was effective in reducing albuminuria in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Amiloride also significantly decreased serum and urinary suPAR, a marker of kidney damage.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Systematic review and practical guideline for the prevention and management of the renal side effects of lithium therapy.

Author: SchootTessa S, MolmansThomas H J, GrootensKoen P, KerckhoffsAngèle P M

Bipolar disorder treatment
Li-NDI
Li-NP

This systematic review provides an overview of preventive and management strategies for Li-NDI and Li-NP.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Resistant Hypertension: A Clinical Perspective.

Author: Hannah-ShmouniFady, GubbiSriram, SpenceJ David, StratakisConstantine A, KochChristian A

Blood pressure control
Resistant hypertension

This abstract discusses the management of resistant hypertension, highlighting the importance of lifestyle changes, combination therapies, and a renin/aldosterone-based diagnostic and treatment approach to reduce cardiovascular events and minimize side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Nephrotic Syndrome: Oedema Formation and Its Treatment With Diuretics.

Author: GuptaSanjana, PepperRuth J, AshmanNeil, WalshStephen B

Nephrotic syndrome treatment
Oedema

This article discusses the current paradigms of oedema in nephrosis, including emerging mechanisms like the role of the epithelial sodium channel in the collecting duct. The article also explores traditional and novel therapies for the treatment of nephrotic oedema, highlighting the need for further clinical trials to guide clinicians in the rational use of therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Capsaicin Used on Skin Influences Ion Transport Pathways: An in vitro Study.

Author: Hołyńska-IwanIga, DziembowskaInga, SmykPaulina, LampkaMagdalena, Olszewska-SłoninaDorota

Capsaicin side effect reduction

This study investigated the effects of capsaicin on epidermal sodium transport in a rabbit skin model.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Nonclinical safety assessment of SPX-101, a novel peptide promoter of epithelial sodium channel internalization for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Author: WalkerMatthew P, CowlenMatt, ChristensenDale, MiyamotoMutsumi, BarleyPhillip, CrowderTimothy

ENaC inhibition
Systemic circulation

This study describes the preclinical toxicology assessment of a new inhaled peptide promoter of ENaC internalization, a potential treatment for cystic fibrosis. The peptide, delivered as a nebulized aerosol, demonstrated a favorable safety profile in preclinical studies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Should All Patients with Resistant Hypertension Receive Spironolactone?

Author: RosaJán, ZelinkaTomáš, PetrákOndřej, ŠtrauchBranislav, HolajRobert, WidimskýJiří

Resistant hypertension treatment
None mentioned

Resistant hypertension is a common condition that requires proper identification and treatment. This review focuses on the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, particularly spironolactone, in the management of resistant hypertension.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 7: Medical treatment of primary aldosteronism.

Author: Pechère-BertschiAntoinette, HerpinDaniel, LefebvreHervé

Treat primary aldosteronism
Side effects

This study reviewed the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism (PA), a condition characterized by excessive aldosterone production. Spironolactone, a potent mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, is the first-line treatment, but may have side effects. In case of intolerance, amiloride or eplerenone may be used. Medical treatment of bilateral PA appears to be as efficient as surgical treatment for lateralized PA.

Consensus Development ConferenceA conference organized by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop consensus and recommendations on medical issues.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Practice GuidelineGuidelines and recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of specific medical conditions in medical practice.

Language : English

20.

Comparison of agents that affect aldosterone action.

Author: TamargoJuan, SoliniAnna, RuilopeLuis M

Anti-aldosterone action
Diuretic
Hyperkalemia

Aldosterone blockers, such as spironolactone and eplerenone, have been used to treat various conditions. Eplerenone is safer than spironolactone, but less potent. Newer generations of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and aldosterone synthase inhibitors are in development, aiming to provide similar efficacy with fewer side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Chloroquine stimulates Cl- secretion by Ca2+ activated Cl- channels in rat ileum.

Author: YangNing, LeiZhen, LiXiaoyu, ZhaoJunhan, LiuTianjian, NingNannan, XiaoAilin, XuLinlin, LiJingxin

Diarrhea
GI side effects
Nausea

This study investigated the effect of chloroquine (CQ) on electrolyte transport in rat ileum using the Ussing chamber technique. CQ induced Cl(-) secretion through CaCC at low concentrations, suggesting a novel explanation for CQ-associated gastrointestinal side effects during malaria treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

The effects of lithium on renal function in older adults--a systematic review.

Author: RejSoham, HerrmannNathan, ShulmanKenneth

Diabetes insipidus
Renal failure

This study reviewed the effects of lithium on kidney function in older adults. The results showed that chronic lithium use can lead to chronic renal failure (CRF) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). While acute renal failure (ARF) has been described in lithium intoxication, there is currently no compelling evidence to suggest that lithium should be avoided in elderly patients for fear of renal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

24.

The antinociceptive activity of intrathecally administered amiloride and its interactions with morphine and clonidine in rats.

Author: OuyangHandong, BaiXiaohui, HuangWan, ChenDongtai, DohiShuji, ZengWeian

Pain relief

Intrathecal administration of amiloride, morphine, or clonidine produced dose-dependent antinociception. A synergistic interaction was observed after coadministration of amiloride-morphine and amiloride-clonidine, suggesting a functional interaction among calcium channels, μ-receptors and α(2)-receptors at the spinal cord level.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

[Chronic renal complications induced by lithium].

Author: Le RoyV, DelmasY, VerdouxH

Mood disorder treatment
Renal risk awareness
Interstitial nephritis
Nephrotic diabetes insipidus
Renal failure

Long-term lithium use may cause nephrotic diabetes insipidus and progressive renal failure. Strategies for minimizing renal side effects include monitoring serum lithium concentrations, serum creatinine levels, and avoiding acute episodes of renal toxicity.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : French

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