Side Effects of bromocriptine: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Bromocriptine, a medication used to treat Parkinson's disease, has been linked to various side effects. One study, 3 , examined 12 Parkinson's disease patients and found that those taking over 30 mg of bromocriptine daily experienced hallucinations and delirium. Another study, 11 , indicated that bromocriptine can interfere with other medications, potentially increasing their levels in the brain. This suggests a need for careful monitoring and potential adjustments to medication regimens in patients taking bromocriptine.

Reasons for Side Effects

Bromocriptine's mechanism of action involves mimicking dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for movement control. However, dopamine's influence extends beyond the motor system, impacting brain areas associated with mood and cognition. This broad reach explains why bromocriptine can cause psychiatric side effects. Additionally, bromocriptine's metabolism by the liver might contribute to side effects, particularly in individuals with liver dysfunction. Furthermore, variations in blood levels of bromocriptine can also lead to unpredictable side effects.

Common Side Effects

Psychiatric Symptoms

One of the most concerning side effects of bromocriptine, as documented in 3 , is the occurrence of hallucinations and delirium, particularly in patients taking high doses (over 30 mg daily). These symptoms often emerge weeks to months after starting bromocriptine and typically improve with dose reduction or discontinuation.

Motor Symptoms

Bromocriptine can also affect the motor system, leading to nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, headache, and fatigue. These side effects tend to develop within days of initiating treatment and often resolve with dose adjustment or cessation. Importantly, bromocriptine might worsen tremors, a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Other

Other potential side effects of bromocriptine include low blood pressure, difficulty breathing, skin rashes, itching, and gastrointestinal disturbances. These adverse reactions usually appear early in treatment and often improve with dose reduction or discontinuation of bromocriptine.

Side Effect Countermeasures

Psychiatric Symptoms

If you experience psychiatric symptoms while taking bromocriptine, a dose reduction or discontinuation might be necessary. Consulting a psychiatrist is crucial to address these issues. They can prescribe medications, such as antipsychotics, or implement psychotherapy to manage the symptoms effectively.

Motor Symptoms

If you develop motor symptoms due to bromocriptine, dose reduction or discontinuation might be recommended. Additionally, your doctor may prescribe medications, such as anti-nausea or anti-constipation drugs, to alleviate these symptoms.

Other

For any other side effects associated with bromocriptine, dose reduction or discontinuation is usually the first step. Consulting your doctor is essential for appropriate evaluation and management of these symptoms.

Comparison Between Studies

Common Points

Several studies consistently point towards bromocriptine's potential to induce hallucinations, delirium, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, skin rashes, and itching. The possibility of drug interactions is also highlighted across multiple studies.

Differences

The frequency and severity of side effects can vary between studies. Additionally, individual factors such as age, gender, health status, and other medications taken can influence the likelihood and severity of bromocriptine's side effects.

Precautions for Applying to Real Life

While bromocriptine is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, it's crucial to be aware of the potential side effects. When taking bromocriptine, strictly adhere to your doctor's instructions and promptly report any side effects experienced to your healthcare provider.

Limitations of Current Research

Further research on bromocriptine is needed to fully understand its long-term effects. Specifically, there is a lack of research on the long-term side effects of bromocriptine and its impact on diverse racial and ethnic groups. More research on these aspects is crucial to ensure safe and effective medication use.

Future Research Directions

To better understand the side effects of bromocriptine, future research should focus on the following:

  • Long-term effects of bromocriptine
  • Effects of bromocriptine on different racial and ethnic groups
  • Mechanisms underlying drug interactions with bromocriptine

Conclusion

Bromocriptine is a valuable treatment for Parkinson's disease but carries the risk of side effects, including hallucinations, delirium, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, skin rashes, and itching. Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking bromocriptine and immediately report any side effects. Further research is needed to better understand the long-term effects of bromocriptine.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
4
Article Type
3
2
2
7
24
2.

Receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopaminergic agonists.

Author: KvernmoTrond, HoubenJohn, SylteIngebrigt

Depression/mood improvement
Neuron-protection
PD motor symptom treatment
Dyskinesia
Fibrotic reactions
VHD

This review examines the symptoms and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS), comparing the effects of dopamine receptor agonists (DA) on motor symptoms and their side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

[Neuropsychic side effects of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease].

Author: SimonettaM, SchmittL, MontastrucJ L, RascolA

Delirium
Hallucinations

Psychiatric side effects of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease patients were characterized by hallucinations and delirium. Daily doses of bromocriptine greater than 30 mg were the most important causal factor.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

4.

Bromocriptine mitigated paliperidone metabolic and neuro-hormonal side effects and improved negative domain in a case of early onset schizophrenia.

Author: NaguyAhmed, Al-TajaliAli

Schizophrenia treatment
Hyperprolactinaemia
Impaired fasting glycaemia
Tremors
Weight gain

This case report describes a patient with early onset schizophrenia who responded favorably to paliperidone but experienced hyperprolactinaemia, tremors, and weight gain. Addition of bromocriptine helped with both hyperprolactinaemia and tremors, but also brought about euglycaemia and, strikingly, ameliorated negative symptoms.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Changes in gait and symptoms after bilateral pallidotomy: a client with Parkinson's disease.

Author: TurnbullGeorge I

Parkinson's disease treatment

A female patient with young-onset Parkinson’s disease who experienced long-term medication side effects underwent a bilateral pallidotomy. Her gait parameters showed improvement after surgery and her Webster Scale scores were reduced. The results were likely enhanced by the patient’s dedication to regular exercise.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Somatostatin, retinoids, melatonin, vitamin D, bromocriptine, and cyclophosphamide in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and low performance status.

Author: NorsaAchille, MartinoVincenzo

Improved quality of life
Improved survival
Toxicity

A multidrug regimen including biotherapeutical agents and cyclophosphamide was previously shown to improve survival and quality of life in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. This study assessed the survival, clinical status, and toxicity of this regimen in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

The Effectiveness of Herbal Medicines on Cyclic Mastalgia: A Systematic Review on Meta-analysis.

Author: MirzaeeFiroozeh, FakariFarzaneh Rashidi, BabakhanianMasoudeh, RoozbehNasibeh, GhazanfarpourMasumeh

Mastalgia treatment

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of phytoestrogens in reducing the severity of cyclic mastalgia, a condition for which conventional treatments often have significant side effects.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

[Epilepsy and male sexual dysfunction: etiology, diagnosis and therapy].

Author: BónéBeáta, JanszkyJózsef

Sexual dysfunction treatment
Cognitive side effects
Psychiatric disorders

Male epilepsy patients experience sexual problems at a higher rate than healthy men, and this can be due to epilepsy, antiepileptic treatment, or psychiatric issues.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

10.

Primary and secondary features of Parkinson's disease improve with strategic exposure to bright light: a case series study.

Author: WillisGregory L, TurnerE John D

Improved motor performance
Improved sleep
Reduced depression
Treatment compliance issues

This study investigated the effects of bright light therapy (LT) on depression, insomnia, and motor performance in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Twelve patients were exposed to bright light for 1-1.5 hours daily, and marked improvement in bradykinesia and rigidity was observed within two weeks. The study suggests LT may be a valuable adjunct therapy for PD patients.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Mastalgia: a review of management.

Author: OlawaiyeAlexander, Withiam-LeitchMatthew, DanakasGeorge, KahnKenneth

Breast pain

This study explores the causes and treatment of mastalgia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Evaluation of a novel vaginal bromocriptine mesylate formulation: a pilot study.

Author: DarwishAtef M, HafezEhsan, El-GebaliIbraheem, HassanSaher B

Lowered prolactin
Side effects

Bromocriptine, a medication used to lower prolactin levels, can cause side effects when taken orally. This study compared two formulas of vaginal bromocriptine suppositories with vaginal bromocriptine tablets. The formula containing bromocriptine and a releasing agent (Pluronic F127) was more effective in lowering serum prolactin.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Evaluaton of therapy with cabergoline in men with macroprolactinoa.

Author: Andrysiak-MamosElzbieta, Kaźmierczyk-PuchalskaAgnieszka, ZochowskaEwa, Sowińska-PrzepieraElzbieta, SaganLeszek, KojderIreneusz, SyreniczAnhelli

Cabergoline for prolactinoma
Effective treatment
Bromocriptine side effects

Cabergoline, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, is a treatment option for prolactinoma. This study evaluated the efficacy of cabergoline therapy in men with macroprolactinoma, based on clinical, hormonal, and radiological examinations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Bromocriptine versus levodopa in early Parkinson's disease.

Author: van HiltenJ J, RamakerC C, StoweRl, IvesN J

Motor complications prevention
Parkinson's disease treatment

The use of bromocriptine as a monotherapy or in combination with levodopa to prevent or delay motor complications in Parkinson's disease is still controversial.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

17.

Severe adverse effects of bromocriptine in lactation inhibition: a pharmacovigilance survey.

Author: BernardN, JantzemH, BeckerM, PecriauxC, Bénard-LaribièreA, MontastrucJ L, DescotesJ, VialT,

Cardiovascular disorders
Neurological disorders
Psychiatric disorders

This survey provides further evidence that serious ADRs still occur after bromocriptine use in lactation inhibition, and that most of these ADRs could have been avoided. The use of bromocriptine should therefore be limited to cases where no other options are available to inhibit lactation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

18.

[Usefulness of cabergoline in patients with prolactinemia and resistant or intolerant to bromocriptine].

Author: Velázquez-ChávezFrancisco Javier, Tapia-GonzálezMaría de Los Angeles, González-BárcenaDavid

Prolactinoma treatment

This study evaluated the response to cabergoline (CBG) in patients who were intolerant or resistant to bromocriptine (BCE) for the treatment of prolactinomas.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

19.

Evidence-based management of Mastalgia: a meta-analysis of randomised trials.

Author: SrivastavaA, ManselR E, ArvindN, PrasadK, DharA, ChabraA

Mastalgia treatment
Pain relief

This meta-analysis examined the efficacy of Bromocriptine, Danazol, Evening primrose oil (EPO), and Tamoxifen in treating mastalgia, a painful breast condition. While Bromocriptine and Danazol showed significant benefit in reducing pain, EPO did not offer any advantage over placebo. Tamoxifen, associated with the least side effects, achieved a significant pain relief and should be considered the drug of first choice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

20.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in cycloserine-induced psychosis.

Author: SawantNeena S, KateNatasha S, BhatankarSwaroop S, KulkarniPrathamesh S

Neuroleptic side effects

A 33-year-old woman with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis developed several neurological side effects, including extrapyramidal reaction, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and drug-induced Parkinsonism, while taking antipsychotic medications.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

A double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess efficacy of bromocriptine in cirrhotic patients with hepatic parkinsonism.

Author: SahneyAmrish, SharmaBarjesh Chander, JindalAnkur, AnandLovkesh, AroraVinod, VijayaraghavanRajan, DhamijaRavinder Mohan, KumarGuresh, BhardwajAnkit, SarinShiv Kumar

Hepatic parkinsonism treatment

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine, a dopaminergic agent, in patients with hepatic parkinsonism, a neurological condition that can occur in patients with cirrhosis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Early institution of bromocriptine in Parkinson's disease inhibits the emergence of levodopa-associated motor side effects. Long-term results of the PRADO study.

Author: PrzuntekH, WelzelD, GerlachM, BlümnerE, DanielczykW, KaiserH J, KrausP H, LetzelH, RiedererP, UberlaK

Parkinson's disease treatment
Prophylaxis of levodopa side effects

Partial substitution of levodopa with bromocriptine (>30%) as first-line treatment of Parkinson's disease reduced the risk of levodopa-associated motor side effects by one third.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: results of a Brazilian multicenter study with 1234 patients.

Author: VilarL, FreitasM C, NavesL A, CasulariL A, AzevedoM, MontenegroR, BarrosA I, FariaM, NascimentoG C, LimaJ G, NóbregaL H, CruzT P, MotaA, RamosA, ViolanteA, Lamounier FilhoA, GadelhaM R, CzepielewskiM A, GlezerA, BronsteinM D

Effective treatment for prolactinomas
Tumor shrinkage
Drug resistance
Side effects

Cabergoline was significantly more effective than bromocriptine in terms of prolactin normalization, tumor shrinkage, and tolerability in patients with prolactinomas.

Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

24.

Dopamine, T cells and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Author: LeviteMia, MarinoFranca, CosentinoMarco

T cell activation
Treg suppression

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter that induces critical effects in the nervous system and in many peripheral organs. This review focuses on dopamine receptors, effects and production in T cells. Dopamine itself and dopaminergic drugs have direct effects on human T cells.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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