Side Effects of clomipramine: A Synthesis of Findings from 21 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Clomipramine is an effective drug for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder, but it is associated with various side effects. 13 The study found that clomipramine plasma levels correlated with treatment outcomes, suggesting a therapeutic window for its use. 20 However, clomipramine, like other antidepressants, is known to cause sexual dysfunction, a common side effect. The study reported that clomipramine is less likely to cause sexual dysfunction than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 18 A study on preemptive pharmacogenomics aimed to reduce adverse drug reactions, suggesting that personalized medicine may help mitigate side effects. 14 This study highlights the potential for clomipramine to cause extrapyramidal symptoms, similar to haloperidol.

Reasons for Side Effects

Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. 20 These neurotransmitters play a crucial role in mood regulation, and their altered levels can lead to various side effects.

Common Side Effects

Digestive System

Clomipramine can cause digestive side effects. 18 Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea have been reported.

Nervous System

Clomipramine can cause nervous system side effects. 14 5 Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and tremors have been reported. In severe cases, extrapyramidal symptoms can occur.

Cardiovascular System

Clomipramine can cause cardiovascular side effects. 21 17 15 18 Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and arrhythmias have been reported.

Urinary System

Clomipramine can cause urinary side effects. 20 Urinary retention and frequent urination have been reported.

Sexual Function

Clomipramine can cause sexual dysfunction side effects. 20 1 11 Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and delayed ejaculation have been reported.

Other

Clomipramine can cause various side effects, such as weight gain, dry mouth, and sweating. 18

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Digestive System

Dietary changes and medication may be effective for digestive side effects.

Nervous System

Medication and lifestyle changes may be effective for nervous system side effects.

Cardiovascular System

Medication and lifestyle changes may be effective for cardiovascular side effects.

Urinary System

Medication and lifestyle changes may be effective for urinary side effects.

Sexual Function

Medication and lifestyle changes may be effective for sexual dysfunction side effects.

Other

Medication and lifestyle changes may be effective for other side effects.

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Multiple studies have shown that clomipramine can cause a range of side effects, including digestive, nervous, cardiovascular, urinary, and sexual dysfunction.

Differences between Studies

Studies have shown different patterns and severity of side effects. While some studies highlight the risk of sexual dysfunction, others focus on extrapyramidal symptoms or cardiovascular concerns.

Precautions for Real-Life Application

Clomipramine should be taken under the guidance of a physician, considering the risk of side effects. When taking clomipramine, be aware of the symptoms of side effects and consult your doctor if necessary.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on clomipramine is still lacking. Further research is needed, especially on the long-term effects of clomipramine and its effectiveness in various populations.

Directions for Future Research

Further research is needed on the long-term effects of clomipramine, its effectiveness in various populations, the mechanisms of side effects, and the prevention of side effects.

Conclusion

Clomipramine is an effective medication for certain mental health conditions, but it's essential to be aware of its potential side effects. Careful monitoring and discussion with your doctor are crucial for managing the risks and benefits of this medication.

Literature analysis of 21 papers
Positive Content
14
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
3
Article Type
2
2
3
8
21
1.

The pharmacological treatment of premature ejaculation.

Author: GiulianoFrançois, HellstromWayne J G

Improved ejaculatory control
Side effects
Withdrawal symptoms

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual dysfunction in men. This study reviews the potential of pharmacologic interventions for PE, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

2.

Side effect profile and comparative tolerability of 21 antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depression in adults: protocol for a network meta-analysis.

Author: TomlinsonAnneka, EfthimiouOrestis, BoadenKatharine, NewEmma, MatherSarah, SalantiGeorgia, ImaiHissei, OgawaYusuke, TajikaAran, KishimotoSanae, KikuchiSino, ChevanceAstrid, FurukawaToshi A, CiprianiAndrea

Major depression treatment
Adverse events

This study presents a protocol for a network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy, adverse events, and tolerability of all second-generation and selected first-generation antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depression in adults. The study aims to extend previous findings and update the evidence base for antidepressant treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia.

Author: ZhangJingjing, YangMi, ZhouMuke, HeLi, ChenNing, ZakrzewskaJoanna M

Trigeminal neuralgia treatment

Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition that causes sudden, severe, stabbing pain in the face. Anti-epileptic medications are the standard treatment. While other medications have also been used since the 1970s, this review updates information on the use of non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

4.

Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: Logical evolution of antidepressant development.

Author: MontgomeryStuart

Depression treatment

SNRIs, like venlafaxine, milnacipran, and duloxetine, have a better efficacy than SSRIs for treating depression but with a lower side effect burden than TCAs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

[Mood disorder after malaria prophylaxis with mefloquine (two case reports)].

Author: Oueriagli NabihF, TouhamiM, LaffintiA, AbilkacemL

Malaria prophylaxis
Depression
Mania
Mood disorders

Mefloquine, a malaria prophylaxis drug, can cause rare but severe neuropsychiatric side effects, including mania and major depressive episodes.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

6.

Non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia.

Author: YangMi, ZhouMuke, HeLi, ChenNing, ZakrzewskaJoanna M

Pain relief
Side effects

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of non-antiepileptic drugs for trigeminal neuralgia. In a systematic review of 4 trials involving 139 patients, no significant benefit was observed with tizanidine, tocainide, pimozide, or proparacaine hydrochloride eyedrops compared to carbamazepine or placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

7.

Intravenous Clomipramine for Treatment-Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Author: KaramehWael Karameh, KhaniMunir

OCD treatment

An open trial of 30 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who had not responded to previous treatments found that intravenous clomipramine (CMI) was beneficial for severe cases.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Drug therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-like symptoms in autistic disorder.

Author: HazellPhilip

Hyperactivity reduction
Inattention reduction
Sedation
Weight gain

Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone and quetiapine, are effective in reducing inattention and hyperactivity in individuals with autistic disorder, but weight gain and sedation are common side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Study of the efficacy of fluoxetine and clomipramine in the treatment of premature ejaculation after opioid detoxification.

Author: AbdollahianEbrahim, JavanbakhtArash, JavidiKamran, SamariAli Akbar, ShakibaMansur, SargolzaeeMohammad Reza

Clomipramine effective
Fluoxetine effective
Premature ejaculation treatment
Clomipramine side effects
Fluoxetine side effects

This study compared the efficacy of clomipramine and fluoxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation in formerly opioid-dependent men after detoxification. Both medications were effective in treating premature ejaculation and there was no difference in efficacy between the two.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Impact of polymorphisms of cytochrome-P450 isoenzymes 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 on plasma concentrations and clinical effects of antidepressants in a naturalistic clinical setting.

Author: GrasmäderKatja, VerwohltPetra Louise, RietschelMarcella, DragicevicAleksandra, MüllerMatthias, HiemkeChristoph, FreymannNikolaus, ZobelAstrid, MaierWolfgang, RaoMarie Luise

Improved treatment response
Reduced side effects

This study examined the influence of cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoenzyme polymorphisms on plasma concentrations, side effects, and treatment response in depressed inpatients. The study found that CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype was associated with higher plasma concentrations and side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Clomipramine and exposure for compulsive rituals: II. Plasma levels, side effects and outcome.

Author: SternR S, MarksI M, MawsonD, LuscombeD K

Clomipramine efficacy
Clomipramine side effects

Clomipramine treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder was most effective with plasma levels in specific ranges.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Extrapyramidal side effects in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) treated with haloperidol and clomipramine.

Author: StarkeySimon R, MorriseyJames K, HickamHillary D, AlbrightJulia D, LynchMary J

Diphenhydramine effective for EPS
EPS resolution
EPS from clomipramine

A 14-year-old macaw developed extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) after being treated with haloperidol and clomipramine. Symptoms included pacing, head bobbing, and tremors. Intramuscular diphenhydramine effectively resolved the symptoms within 2 hours. The authors recommend considering EPS in macaws treated with clomipramine, particularly those also treated with haloperidol.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Effectiveness of Genotype-Specific Tricyclic Antidepressant Dosing in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: VosCornelis F, Ter HarkSophie E, SchellekensArnt F A, SpijkerJan, van der MeijAnnemarie, GrotenhuisAnne J, MihaescuRaluca, KievitWietske, DondersRogier, AarnoutseRob E, CoenenMarieke J H, JanzingJoost G E

Personalized treatment

Pharmacogenetics-informed treatment (PIT) with antidepressants, especially tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), may be beneficial. TCAs have well-defined therapeutic plasma concentrations, but identifying optimal dosing can be time-consuming and treatment is often accompanied by adverse effects.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Light therapy: is it safe for the eyes?

Author: BrouwerA, NguyenH-T, SnoekF J, van RaalteD H, BeekmanA T F, MollA C, BremmerM A

Safe for eyes
Maculopathy
Ocular discomfort
Vision problems

Light therapy is safe for the eyes in physically healthy, unmedicated individuals. A systematic review of 43 studies found that ocular complaints, such as discomfort and vision problems, were reported in 0% to 45% of participants, but there was no evidence of ocular damage, with the exception of one case report. The safety of light therapy in individuals with pre-existing ocular abnormalities or increased photosensitivity requires further investigation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

17.

Cardiovascular side effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics: new drugs, old concerns?

Author: PacherPal, KecskemetiValeria

Fewer cardiovascular side effects
Cardiovascular effects

This review discusses the cardiovascular effects of new antidepressants and antipsychotics, including SSRIs and newer antipsychotics. While these drugs are generally considered safer than older medications, they have been associated with cases of arrhythmias, prolonged QTc interval, and orthostatic hypotension. The review highlights the need for clinicians to be vigilant about these potential adverse reactions and to monitor ECG during therapy, especially in patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Clinical implementation of preemptive pharmacogenomics in psychiatry: Τhe "PREPARE" study.

Author: TsermpiniE E, SkokouM, FerentinosP, GeorgilaE, GourzisP, AssimakopoulosK, PatrinosG P,

PREPARE, the first prospective pharmacogenomics study in Europe, aims to reduce the occurrence and severity of drug-genotype-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in psychiatric patients. The study will recruit 1500 patients who will receive either standard or pharmacogenomic-guided treatment for depression or psychosis. The study aims to demonstrate that pharmacogenomic-guided treatment can reduce ADRs by 30% compared to standard care.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

[Paroxetine versus clomipramine in female adolescents suffering from anorexia nervosa and depressive episode--a retrospective study on tolerability, reasons for discontinuing the antidepressive treatment and different outcome measurements].

Author: StrobelMarkus, WarnkeAndreas, RothMichael, SchulzeUlrike

Improved depressive symptoms
Discontinuation
Side effects

This study compared the effects of paroxetine and clomipramine in treating depression in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The two drugs were found to have similar efficacy but different side effect profiles.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

21.

Validation of a population-based method to assess drug-induced alterations in the QT interval: a self-controlled crossover study.

Author: IribarrenCarlos, RoundAlfred D, PengJonathan A, LuMeng, ZaroffJonathan G, HolveTaylor J, PrasadAmit, StangPaul

QT prolongation

A comprehensive list of drugs with potential QT liability showed that QT prolongation was common and varied in strength.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Validation StudyResearch to assess the validity and reliability of new measurement methods or diagnostic tests.

Language : English

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