Side Effects of entacapone: A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Entacapone is a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor used to treat Parkinson's disease. Entacapone increases levodopa levels in the blood, prolonging the effectiveness of levodopa and improving Parkinson's disease symptoms. 15 , 6 . Entacapone, when used in conjunction with levodopa, can extend the 'on' state of Parkinson's disease and reduce the 'off' state. 19 .

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of entacapone are primarily caused by an increase in levodopa levels in the blood. Levodopa is converted to dopamine, which promotes dopamine neurotransmission, thereby alleviating Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, elevated levodopa levels can lead to side effects due to excessive dopamine neurotransmission. 27 .

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

Diarrhea is the most common side effect of entacapone. 27 , 4 . This is thought to be due to entacapone's promotion of intestinal motility. 11 . Entacapone can also cause nausea and vomiting. 25 .

Urinary

Entacapone can cause yellowing of the urine, but this is harmless. 25 , 4 . Patients may be concerned, so doctors should provide a thorough explanation. 2 .

Nervous System

Entacapone can cause side effects such as dyskinesia, hallucinations, and confusion due to increased levodopa levels in the blood. 29 , 18 , 3 . These side effects are often improved by adjusting the levodopa dosage. 27 .

Other

Entacapone can cause low blood pressure. 29 . Entacapone can also cause constipation. 28 .

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

If diarrhea occurs, consult your doctor for appropriate treatment. 27 .

Nervous System

If you experience dyskinesia, hallucinations, or confusion, consult your doctor to adjust your levodopa dosage. 29 .

Other

If you experience low blood pressure, consult your doctor. 29 . If you experience constipation, consult your doctor for appropriate treatment. 28 .

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Numerous studies have shown that entacapone, when used in conjunction with levodopa, improves Parkinson's disease symptoms. 15 , 19 , 24 , 20 , 26 , 23 , 2 . Furthermore, entacapone is generally considered safe and well-tolerated. 25 , 4 .

Differences in Studies

Studies on entacapone and tolcapone have reported that tolcapone can cause liver toxicity. 27 , 15 . However, there have been no reports of entacapone causing liver toxicity. 25 , 4 .

Cautions Regarding Application in Real Life

Entacapone, when used in conjunction with levodopa, has been shown to improve Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, entacapone can cause side effects in the gastrointestinal, nervous, and other systems. It is essential to consult with a doctor before taking entacapone and to fully understand the potential side effects.

Limitations of Current Research

The long-term side effects of entacapone have not yet been adequately studied. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of entacapone side effects are not fully understood.

Future Research Directions

Further research is necessary to elucidate the long-term side effects of entacapone. Additionally, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of entacapone side effects.

Conclusion

Entacapone, when used in conjunction with levodopa, has been shown to improve Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, entacapone can cause side effects in the gastrointestinal, nervous, and other systems. It is essential to consult with a doctor before taking entacapone and to fully understand the potential side effects.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
PD treatment
1
Improved clinical efficacy
Improved levodopa pharmacokinetics
2
Parkinson's disease treatment
4
Liver injury prevention
5
Levodopa bioavailability
Motor fluctuation control
6
Improved treatment comparison
7
Parkinson's disease treatment
8
Levodopa treatment
Parkinson's disease treatment
9
Neurological disorder treatment
10
Parkinson's disease treatment
12
Treat Parkinson's disease
13
PD treatment
14
Drug safety assessment
Off-target identification
15
Parkinson's disease
16
PD treatment
18
Improved motor function
Reduced fluctuations
Well tolerated
19
Drug safety
20
Improved Parkinson's symptoms
21
Parkinson's disease treatment
22
PD treatment
23
Parkinson's disease treatment
Quality of life improvement
24
Motor Fluctuation Management
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
25
Improved drug efficacy
Reduced side effects
26
Parkinson disease treatment
27
Parkinson's disease treatment
28
Parkinson's disease treatment
29
Risk Keywords
Levodopa complications
1
Diarrhea
Urine discolouration
2
Malignant syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
3
Diarrhea
Yellow discoloration of urine
4
ENT side effects
5
Side effects
6
Hepatotoxicity
8
Dopaminergic side effects
Gastrointestinal side effects
10
Gastrointestinal side effects
11
Convulsions
Diarrhea
Liver toxicity
13
Unknown
15
Fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Valvulopathies
17
Confusion
Hallucinations
18
Hepatotoxicity
20
Dyskinesia worsening
21
Side effects
22
Drug diskinesias
Motor fluctuations
23
Diarrhea
24
Diarrhea
Dyskinesia
Nausea
Urine Discoloration
25
Potential for adverse effects
26
Hepatotoxicity
27
Constipation
Dyskinesias
Hypotension
Urine discoloration
28
Drug side effects
29
Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
27
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
1
2
1
12
28
4.

[Relevance of COMT inhibitors in the treatment of motor fluctuations].

Author: JostWolfgang H, BuhmannCarsten, ClassenJoseph, EggertKarla, KohlZacharias, OuteiroTiago, TöngesLars, WoitallaDirk, ReichmannHeinz

Parkinson's disease treatment
Diarrhea
Yellow discoloration of urine

Catechol O‑methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are effective for treating motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. This manuscript summarizes the results of a working group that discussed the value of COMT inhibitors in Parkinson's disease treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : German

5.

Tight junction stabilization prevents HepaRG cell death in drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis.

Author: SonoiRie, HagiharaYoshihisa

Liver injury prevention
ENT side effects

This study investigates the relationship between bile canaliculi dilation and tight junction disruption in hepatocytes exposed to entacapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Optimized clinical management of Parkinson's disease with opicapone. Recommendations from Spanish experts.

Author: Linazasoro-CristóbalG, López Del ValL J, García Ruiz-EspigaP, López-ManzanaresL, Luquin-PiudoM R, Martínez-CastrilloJ C, MirP, Pagonabarraga-MoraJ

Levodopa bioavailability
Motor fluctuation control
Side effects

Opicapone is an effective COMT inhibitor for controlling motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease, regardless of levodopa dose or the use of other antiparkinsonian drugs. The ideal patient for initiating treatment with opicapone is one with mild motor fluctuations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Adverse effects produced by different drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A mixed treatment comparison.

Author: LiBao-Dong, BiZhen-Yun, LiuJing-Feng, SiWei-Jun, ShiQian-Qian, XueLi-Peng, BaiJing

Improved treatment comparison

This mixed treatment comparison assessed the adverse effects of eleven drugs for Parkinson's disease (PD): ropinirole, rasagiline, rotigotine, entacapone, apomorphine, pramipexole, sumanirole, bromocriptine, piribedil, pergolide, and levodopa.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

11.

Entacapone promotes cAMP-dependent colonic Cl(-) secretion in rats.

Author: LiL-S, ZhengL-F, XuJ-D, JiT, GuoH, LiX-F, LiY, ZhangY, ZhuJ-X

Gastrointestinal side effects

This study investigated the effects of entacapone, a catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor for Parkinson's disease, on epithelial ion transport in rat distal colon. Entacapone was found to have gastrointestinal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Meta-analysis of the comparative efficacy and safety of adjuvant treatment to levodopa in later Parkinson's disease.

Author: StoweRebecca, IvesNatalie, ClarkeCarl E, HandleyKelly, FurmstonAlexandra, DeaneKatherine, van HiltenJ J, WheatleyKeith, GrayRichard

Parkinson's disease treatment

Levodopa effectively manages Parkinson's disease symptoms initially, but long-term use often leads to movement problems. Other medications, such as dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors, are added to levodopa treatment. This meta-analysis compares the effectiveness and risks of these additional medications in people with Parkinson's disease who have developed movement problems.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

13.

Toxicology and safety of COMT inhibitors.

Author: HaasioKristiina

Treat Parkinson's disease
Convulsions
Diarrhea
Liver toxicity

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are used to treat Parkinson's disease, but some have been associated with toxic effects, particularly liver toxicity. This review discusses the development, safety, and effectiveness of COMT inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Direct switch from levodopa/benserazide or levodopa/carbidopa to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with wearing-off: efficacy, safety and feasibility--an open-label, 6-week study.

Author: EggertKarla, SkogarOrjan, AmarKhaled, LuotonenLiisa, KuoppamäkiMikko, LeinonenMika, NissinenHelena, OertelWolfgang

PD treatment

Switching from levodopa/benserazide (LB) or levodopa/carbidopa (LC) to levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (LCE) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with wearing-off resulted in significant improvement in clinical symptoms and quality of life.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Capture compound mass spectrometry sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of liver toxicity of two Parkinson drugs.

Author: FischerJenny J, MichaelisSimon, SchreyAnna K, GraebnerOlivia Graebner nee, GlinskiMirko, DregerMathias, KrollFriedrich, KoesterHubert

Drug safety assessment
Off-target identification
Unknown

Capture compound mass spectrometry (CCMS) is a novel technology for identifying a drug's potential off-targets. It revealed a difference in protein interactions between tolcapone and entacapone, providing insights into their distinct side effect profiles.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

[Isolated pulmonary hypertension and pergolide].

Author: EvrardF, DupuisM, MullerT, JacqueryeP

Fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Valvulopathies

Pergolide can cause pulmonary hypertension, which resolves after treatment replacement.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

19.

Treatment of end-of-dose wearing-off in parkinson's disease: stalevo (levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone) and levodopa/DDCI given in combination with Comtess/Comtan (entacapone) provide equivalent improvements in symptom control superior to that of traditional levodopa/DDCI treatment.

Author: BrooksD J, AgidY, EggertK, WidnerH, OstergaardK, HolopainenA,

Improved motor function
Reduced fluctuations
Well tolerated

Stalevo is a new formulation of levodopa, carbidopa, and entacapone that is effective in treating Parkinson's disease patients experiencing end-of-dose wearing-off. Stalevo is well tolerated and safe when substituted for levodopa DDCI preparations.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

An open-label evaluation of the tolerability and safety of Stalevo (carbidopa, levodopa and entacapone) in Parkinson's disease patients experiencing wearing-off.

Author: KollerW, GuarnieriM, HubbleJ, RabinowiczA L, SilverD

Improved Parkinson's symptoms
Dyskinesia worsening

Switching Parkinson's disease (PD) patients experiencing wearing-off from carbidopa/levodopa therapy to Stalevo was safe, well tolerated, and resulted in clinical improvement.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

A structure-activity relationship study of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors combining molecular docking and 3D QSAR methods.

Author: TervoAnu J, NyrönenTommi H, RönkköToni, PosoAntti

Parkinson's disease treatment
Side effects

This study investigated the molecular interactions between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and its inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

[A comparative study of efficacy of dopamine receptors agonists and catechol-O-methyltransferase in the treatment of late stages of Parkinson's disease].

Author: KrivonosO V, FedorovaN V, Chigir'I P

PD treatment
Drug diskinesias
Motor fluctuations

This review discusses the use of dopamine receptor agonists and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors in treating Parkinson's disease (PD) at both early and late stages, highlighting their role in improving pharmaco-therapeutic efficacy and patient quality of life.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Russian

24.

Levodopa therapy with entacapone in daily clinical practice: results of a post-marketing surveillance study.

Author: KupschAndreas, TrottenbergThomas, BremenDirk

Parkinson's disease treatment
Quality of life improvement
Diarrhea

This study assessed patients' responses to levodopa combined with entacapone in a real clinical practice setting. Entacapone was found to be effective in reducing 'off' time and improving quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease experiencing end-of-dose wearing-off.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Safety and tolerability of COMT inhibitors.

Author: BrooksDavid J

Motor Fluctuation Management
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
Diarrhea
Dyskinesia
Nausea
Urine Discoloration

Combining levodopa with the COMT inhibitor entacapone is a safe and effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with motor fluctuations. The most common side effects are dyskinesia and nausea, which can be managed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Hepatotoxic profile of catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors in Parkinson's disease.

Author: BenabouReina, WatersCheryl

Parkinson disease treatment
Hepatotoxicity

Entacapone and tolcapone are selective catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors used to treat Parkinson's disease. They extend the duration of action of levodopa. Tolcapone is associated with a risk of hepatotoxicity, while entacapone is generally well-tolerated and safe.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

28.

Entacapone in the management of Parkinson's disease.

Author: HenchcliffeClaire, WatersCheryl

Parkinson's disease treatment
Constipation
Dyskinesias
Hypotension
Urine discoloration

Entacapone is a new drug that helps extend the effects of levodopa for Parkinson's disease patients. It can improve motor fluctuations, but it can also worsen dyskinesias, cause low blood pressure, constipation, and urine discoloration. Entacapone does not require liver function monitoring unlike the similar drug tolcapone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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