Effective treatment of hyperthyroidism: A Synthesis of Findings from 59 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, as explained in 43 . Graves' disease is the most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism, according to 28 .

Several treatments are available for hyperthyroidism, including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroid surgery. Antithyroid drugs have been shown to be effective for treating hyperthyroidism during pregnancy, as outlined in 55 and 56 . However, 28 highlights a significant relapse rate, with over 50% of patients experiencing a return of hyperthyroidism.

Radioactive iodine therapy is widely used to treat hyperthyroidism, as detailed in 14 and 41 . However, it can lead to long-term hypothyroidism, as mentioned in 44 .

Thyroid surgery is an option for treating Graves' disease, as described in 43 . While it carries a risk of hypothyroidism, as explained in 53 , thyroid surgery has a lower relapse rate of hyperthyroidism.

Lithium is sometimes used as an adjunct therapy alongside radioactive iodine therapy, according to 41 . Lithium can potentially induce both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as explained in 48 .

Corticosteroids are used to treat Graves' ophthalmopathy, as described in 33 .

Treatment summary

Research like 55 , 28 , 56 , 44 , 43 , and 53 suggest that treatment for hyperthyroidism often includes antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, or thyroid surgery.

Benefits and risks

Benefit summary

Treatment for hyperthyroidism can alleviate symptoms such as fatigue, nervousness, excessive sweating, rapid heartbeat, and tremors, as stated in 20 .

Risk summary

Treatment for hyperthyroidism carries risks, including hypothyroidism and Graves' ophthalmopathy, as described in 33 . Lithium can potentially cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as outlined in 48 .

Comparison between studies

Commonalities between studies

Many studies indicate that antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroid surgery are effective treatments for hyperthyroidism.

Differences between studies

Research findings vary in terms of treatment effectiveness, risks, and relapse rates.

Consistency and discrepancies in results

While research findings on hyperthyroidism treatment show consistency in some areas, discrepancies also exist. For example, studies report different relapse rates for antithyroid drugs.

Practical implications

When choosing a treatment for hyperthyroidism, it's crucial to consider the findings from studies such as 20 and 33 . Additionally, be mindful that lithium can potentially induce both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as mentioned in 48 .

Limitations of current research

Research on hyperthyroidism treatment often has limitations such as small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and potential biases, as highlighted in studies like 28 and 39 .

Future research directions

Further research on hyperthyroidism treatment is needed, as indicated in studies such as 28 and 39 , focusing on larger sample sizes, longer follow-up periods, and minimizing biases.

Conclusion

Multiple treatment options exist for hyperthyroidism, including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine therapy, and thyroid surgery. It is crucial to consider findings from studies like 20 and 33 when making treatment decisions. Remember that lithium can potentially cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, as explained in 48 .

Research into hyperthyroidism treatment, as suggested in studies such as 28 and 39 , should continue to advance our understanding of this complex condition.

Treatment list

Antithyroid drugs, Radioactive iodine therapy, Thyroid surgery, Lithium therapy, Corticosteroids

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Thyrotoxicosis control
1
Hyperthyroidism treatment
2
Antithyroid drugs
Glucocorticoids
4
Reduced hypothyroidism
5
Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
Higher remission rate
6
Improved hyperthyroidism treatment
7
Improved Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
8
Reduced hyperthyroidism
9
Reduced thyroid enlargement
10
Early thyroxine administration
11
Goiter reduction
Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
14
Effective Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
15
Effective treatment
16
Hypothyroidism
19
Improved hyperthyroidism symptoms
20
Nodular thyroid disease treatment
21
Titration regimen efficacy
Titration regimen safety
23
Graves' disease treatment
24
Longer treatment reduces relapses
Lower dose safer
25
Reduced hyperthyroidism symptoms
26
Reduced thyroid hormone levels
27
Fewer adverse effects
28
Treat Graves' disease
29
Improved hyperthyroidism treatment
30
Reduced hypothyroidism risk
31
Euthyroidism success
Hyperthyroidism cure
32
Reduced Relapse Rate
34
Fewer adverse effects
Reduced relapse rates
35
Improved GD treatment
36
Effective treatment for hyperthyroidism
37
Improved Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
38
Graves' disease treatment
39
Increased RAI efficacy
41
HTG therapy
42
Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease
43
Graves' disease treatment
44
Graves' disease treatment
45
Reduced blood loss
46
Predict relapse
47
Effective LT methimazole treatment
Reduced hyperthyroidism relapse
49
Thyroxine for Graves' disease
50
Radioiodine for hyperthyroidism
51
Preoperative treatment
53
Pediatric GD treatment
54
ATD
GD
55
Improved pregnancy outcomes
Safe treatment
56
Faster euthyroidism
Sustained hyperthyroidism control
57
Reduced low birth weight
Reduced preeclampsia
Reduced preterm birth
Reduced spontaneous abortion
58
Euthyroidism
Sustained euthyroidism
59
Risk Keywords
Lithium toxicity
Side effects
1
Ophthalmopathy
3
Ophthalmopathy worsening
4
Increased recurrence
Lower remission rates
5
Increased risk with high thyroid hormone levels
Ophthalmopathy worsening
11
Short-term thyroid hormone increase
15
Impaired fertility
Pregnancy complications
17
Conflicting results on ATD with l-T4
High relapse rate
Unclear predictors of recurrence
18
Atrial fibrillation
Hyperthyroidism
Reduced bone density
21
Block-replace regimen side effects
23
Hyperthyroidism recurrence
24
Higher dose more side effects
25
Hypothyroidism
26
None reported
27
High dropout rates
High relapse rates
28
Hypothyroidism
29
Hyperthyroidism
30
Study heterogeneity
32
TAO risk
33
Poor trial quality
35
Neuropsychological effects
37
Relapse
Side effects
39
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
40
Increased thyroid radiation
41
Lifelong thyroxine replacement
43
Hypothyroidism risk
44
High bias risk
Small trials
47
Lithium-induced hyperthyroidism
48
Moderate to high risk of research bias
50
Risk of mortality
51
Insufficient evidence
Risk of thyroid storm
53
RAI side effects
54
Relapse
55
Literature analysis of 59 papers
Positive Content
47
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
8
Article Type
36
13
21
16
55
1.

Lithium carbonate in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. A controlled trial.

Author: KristensenO, AndersenH H, PallisgaardG

Thyrotoxicosis control
Lithium toxicity
Side effects

Lithium carbonate was not superior to methimazole in treating thyrotoxicosis and had more side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Non-selective and selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocking agents in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Author: NilssonO R, KarlbergB E, KågedalB, TeglerL, AlmqvistS

Hyperthyroidism treatment

A study of 20 hyperthyroid patients found that both propranolol and atenolol (a selective beta-1-adrenoceptor blocker) improved clinical symptoms to a similar extent. Both drugs reduced basal metabolic rate by 11% while thyroxine levels remained unchanged. Propranolol treatment led to a decrease in T3 levels, but atenolol treatment and a control group showed no change. Changes in free T4, free T3, and rT3 were minimal. The study concludes that the improvement in hyperthyroid symptoms may not be solely due to changes in thyroid hormone levels, as the reduction was minor with propranolol and absent with atenolol.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. The Thyroid Study Group.

Author: TallstedtL, LundellG, TørringO, WallinG, LjunggrenJ G, BlomgrenH, TaubeA

Ophthalmopathy

Iodine-131 therapy is more likely to be followed by the development or exacerbation of Graves’ ophthalmopathy compared to other antithyroid therapies.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Relationship between Graves' ophthalmopathy and type of treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: MarcocciC, BartalenaL, BogazziF, Bruno-BossioG, PincheraA

Antithyroid drugs
Glucocorticoids
Ophthalmopathy worsening

A study of patients with Graves' disease found that treatment for hyperthyroidism (using either radioiodine or surgery) may worsen existing mild eye problems. However, the use of glucocorticoids alongside these treatments prevented the worsening of eye problems. The study suggests that glucocorticoids should be given with radioiodine or surgery in patients with Graves' disease who have eye involvement.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine: adjunctive therapy with antithyroid drugs reconsidered.

Author: VelkeniersB, CytrynR, VanhaelstL, JonckheerM H

Reduced hypothyroidism
Increased recurrence
Lower remission rates

A study of 206 patients treated with radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism found that those who received antithyroid drugs after treatment had a lower incidence of hypothyroidism but a higher incidence of early relapse or persistent hyperthyroidism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Comparison of effects of high and low dosage regimens of antithyroid drugs in the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: RomaldiniJ H, BrombergN, WernerR S, TanakaL M, RodriguesH F, WernerM C, FarahC S, ReisL C

Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
Higher remission rate

A study of 113 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism compared high doses of antithyroid drugs (methimazole or propylthiouracil) to lower doses. Patients receiving high doses had a significantly higher remission rate (75.4%) compared to those receiving lower doses (41.6%). The study also found that patients in remission had lower free T4 levels and a higher likelihood of decreasing antithyroid antibodies, suggesting a potential immunosuppressive effect of high-dose treatment. While high-dose treatment was associated with a higher remission rate, further research is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness and potential risks of this approach.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Lack of effect of thyroxine in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism who are treated with an antithyroid drug.

Author: McIverB, RaeP, BeckettG, WilkinsonE, GoldA, ToftA

Improved hyperthyroidism treatment

Antithyroid drugs are effective for treating hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease, but the condition often returns after treatment. A Japanese study found that combining antithyroid medication with thyroxine (T4) significantly reduced the recurrence rate (20 times lower). If these findings are confirmed, this combination therapy may become the preferred treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Graves' hyperthyroidism: treatment with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine--a prospective, randomized study. Thyroid Study Group.

Author: TörringO, TallstedtL, WallinG, LundellG, LjunggrenJ G, TaubeA, SääfM, HambergerB

Improved Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment

A study of 179 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism compared three treatment options: antithyroid drugs, surgery, and radioiodine treatment. All treatments normalized hormone levels within 6 weeks. Relapse rates were highest in those treated with antithyroid drugs (42% for younger and 34% for older adults), followed by those treated with radioiodine (21%). Surgery resulted in the lowest relapse rates (3% for younger and 8% for older adults). Elevated TSH receptor antibodies increased the risk of relapse regardless of treatment. Ophthalmopathy (eye problems) did not increase the risk of relapse. Overall, patient satisfaction was high for all treatments. The study highlights the importance of considering the risks of ophthalmopathy with radioiodine treatment and the high relapse rate with antithyroid drugs when choosing a treatment for Graves' disease.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

A comparison of 20 or 40 mg per day of carbimazole in the initial treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Author: PageS R, SheardC E, HerbertM, HoptonM, JeffcoateW J

Reduced hyperthyroidism

This study compared the early clinical and biochemical responses to two different dosages of carbimazole (CBZ) for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Suppression of serum thyrotropin with thyroxine in patients with Graves' disease: effects on recurrence of hyperthyroidism and thyroid volume.

Author: PfeilschifterJ, ZieglerR

Reduced thyroid enlargement

This study investigated the effect of suppressing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with thyroxine on the recurrence of Graves' disease in 50 patients. Two groups were compared: one receiving thyroxine to suppress TSH along with carbimazole for one year, followed by thyroxine alone for another year, and the other receiving carbimazole for one year and thyroxine only when needed. The study found no significant difference in the rate of hyperthyroidism relapse between the two groups (43% vs. 45%). However, those receiving thyroxine to suppress TSH showed a greater reduction in thyroid size, suggesting a potential benefit in managing thyroid enlargement.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

Radioiodine treatment, ablation, and ophthalmopathy: a balanced perspective.

Author: TallstedtL, LundellG

Early thyroxine administration
Increased risk with high thyroid hormone levels
Ophthalmopathy worsening

This study investigated the relationship between the management of hyperthyroidism and the course of ophthalmopathy in Graves' disease. The study found that 131I treatment was associated with a higher risk of ophthalmopathy deterioration compared to antithyroid drugs or surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Medical therapy of Graves' disease: does thyroxine prevent recurrence of hyperthyroidism?

Author: LucasA, SalinasI, RiusF, PizarroE, GranadaM L, FozM, SanmartíA

Treatment with high doses of carbimazole plus T4 offered no advantage over carbimazole alone in treating Graves' disease hyperthyroidism. Undetectable TSH after treatment was a strong predictor of relapse.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Quality of life aspects and costs in treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: results from a prospective, randomized study.

Author: LjunggrenJ G, TörringO, WallinG, TaubeA, TallstedtL, HambergerB, LundellG

This study compared the costs and patient satisfaction of three treatments for Graves' hyperthyroidism: medication, surgery, and radioactive iodine. The study found no significant differences in patient satisfaction across the three treatment groups. However, the cost of surgery was significantly higher than medication, and the cost of radioactive iodine was also higher than medication in the older patient group. The cost differences were more pronounced after accounting for treatment relapses. Overall, patients with eye problems associated with Graves' disease reported those symptoms to be more bothersome than their thyroid problems.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Comparison of radioiodine with radioiodine plus lithium in the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: BogazziF, BartalenaL, BrogioniS, ScarcelloG, BurelliA, CampomoriA, ManettiL, RossiG, PincheraA, MartinoE

Goiter reduction
Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment

This study compared the effectiveness of radioiodine therapy alone to radioiodine therapy with lithium in treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Lithium was found to enhance the effectiveness of radioiodine therapy, leading to a higher cure rate and faster control of hyperthyroidism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Effect of methimazole pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels after radioactive treatment in Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AndradeV A, GrossJ L, MaiaA L

Effective Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment
Short-term thyroid hormone increase

This study compared the effects of 131I treatment alone to 131I treatment with pretreatment with methimazole in patients with Graves' disease. The study found that interrupting antithyroid drugs before 131I administration caused a short-term increase in thyroid hormone levels.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Medical therapy of Graves' disease: effect on remission rates of methimazole alone and in combination with triiodothyronine.

Author: RaberW, KmenE, WaldhäuslW, VierhapperH

Effective treatment

This study investigated the impact of adding triiodothyronine (T3) to standard antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease. Patients who achieved normal thyroid function were randomly assigned to stop medication, continue T3 with a low dose of methimazole, or continue T3 alone. After 16 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in relapse rates between the groups (52% for those stopping medication, 44% for T3 with methimazole, and 42% for T3 alone). No factors were found to predict relapse, regardless of the treatment approach.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Thyroid disease and female reproduction.

Author: KrassasG E

Impaired fertility
Pregnancy complications

This study reviews menstrual function and fertility in thyroid disease, focusing on hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. It also examines the potential impact of (131)I therapy, used for treating Graves' disease and thyroid cancer, on subsequent pregnancies and fertility.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

18.

Effects of l-thyroxine administration, TSH-receptor antibodies and smoking on the risk of recurrence in Graves' hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs: a double-blind prospective randomized study.

Author: GlinoerD, de NayerP, BexM,

Conflicting results on ATD with l-T4
High relapse rate
Unclear predictors of recurrence

Graves' disease is a condition that causes hyperthyroidism, often treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs). However, the condition often returns after stopping these medications (30-50% of patients). There is debate about whether combining ATDs with thyroxine (T4) and continuing T4 after stopping ATDs is helpful. Additionally, doctors are looking for ways to predict who is more likely to experience a return of hyperthyroidism after treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

The effect of methimazole on cure rates after radioiodine treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a randomized clinical trial.

Author: BragaMilena, WalpertNaomi, BurchHenry B, SolomonBarbara L, CooperDavid S

Hypothyroidism

This study compared the effects of pretreatment with methimazole before radioactive iodine therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. The results showed that pretreatment with methimazole did not interfere with the final outcome. Both groups achieved hypothyroidism in similar time frames, and cure rates were similar.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Is antithyroid treatment really relevant for young patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism?

Author: YönemOzlem, DökmetaşHatice Sebila, AslanSüleyman Murat, ErselcanTaner

Improved hyperthyroidism symptoms

This study evaluated symptoms and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH). Patients were randomly divided into two groups: one group received treatment to reach euthyroidism, and the other group was observed. Treatment improved symptoms of hyperthyroidism, but there were no significant improvements in BMD, heart rate, or arrhythmia incidence in either group after 6 months.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Pharmacotherapy for thyroid nodules. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: RichterBernd, NeisesGudrun, ClarChristine

Nodular thyroid disease treatment
Atrial fibrillation
Hyperthyroidism
Reduced bone density

The study highlights the uncertainty surrounding the use of thyroxine suppressive treatment for nodular thyroid disease, emphasizing the need for more high-quality research.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

22.

Relapse of Graves' disease after successful outcome of antithyroid drug therapy: results of a prospective randomized study on the use of levothyroxine.

Author: HoermannRudolf, QuadbeckBeate, RoggenbuckUlla, SzabolcsIstván, PfeilschifterJohannes, MengWieland, ReschkeKirsten, HackenbergKlaus, DettmannJuergen, PrehnBrigitte, HircheHerbert, MannKlaus,

Levothyroxine therapy did not prevent relapse of hyperthyroidism after successful restoration of euthyroid function by antithyroid drugs. The study demonstrates that posttreatment thyrotropin (TSH) is a main prognostic marker for relapse.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AbrahamP, AvenellA, WatsonW A, ParkC M, BevanJ S

Titration regimen efficacy
Titration regimen safety
Block-replace regimen side effects

The optimal duration of antithyroid drug therapy for the Titration regimen is 12 to 18 months.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

24.

T4 but not T3 administration is associated with increased recurrence of Graves' disease after successful medical therapy.

Author: MastorakosG, DoufasA G, MantzosE, MantzosJ, KoutrasD A

Graves' disease treatment
Hyperthyroidism recurrence

The study found that T4 administration after successful antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment of Graves' disease is associated with increased recurrence of hyperthyroidism compared to T3 or placebo administration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

25.

Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AbrahamP, AvenellA, WatsonW A, ParkC M, BevanJ S

Longer treatment reduces relapses
Lower dose safer
Higher dose more side effects

The optimal duration of antithyroid drug therapy for the Titration regimen is 12 to 18 months. The Titration regimen is also associated with fewer adverse effects than the Block-Replace regimen while being equally effective.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

26.

Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AbrahamP, AvenellA, WatsonW A, ParkC M, BevanJ S

Reduced hyperthyroidism symptoms
Hypothyroidism

The optimal duration of antithyroid drug therapy for the Titration regimen is 12 to 18 months. The Titration regimen had fewer adverse effects than the Block-Replace regimen. Continued thyroxine treatment following initial antithyroid therapy did not provide any benefit in terms of recurrence of hyperthyroidism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

27.

The effect of combination therapy with propylthiouracil and cholestyramine in the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: TsaiWen-Chin, PeiDee, WangTso-Fu, WuDu-An, LiJer-Chuan, WeiCheng Lian, LeeChien-Hsing, ChenSheng-Pyng, KuoShi-Wen

Reduced thyroid hormone levels
None reported

Combination therapy with propylthiouracil and cholestyramine was more effective in reducing thyroid hormone levels in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism than propylthiouracil alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AbrahamPrakash, AvenellAlison, ParkChristine M, WatsonWendy A, BevanJohn S

Fewer adverse effects
High dropout rates
High relapse rates

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared the effects of different anti-thyroid drug regimens for Graves' thyrotoxicosis on recurrence, ophthalmopathy, adverse effects, quality of life, and economic outcomes. The findings suggest that a titration regimen may be as effective as a block-replace regimen with fewer adverse effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

29.

Comparative evaluation of two fixed doses of 185 and 370 MBq 131I, for the treatment of Graves' disease resistant to antithyroid drugs.

Author: EsfahaniArmaghan Fard, KakhkiVahid R Dabbagh, FallahiBabak, EftekhariMohammad, BeikiDavood, SaghariMohsen, TakavarAbbas

Treat Graves' disease
Hypothyroidism

This study compared two fixed doses of radioiodine (131I) for treating Graves' disease (GD), finding that a dose of 370 MBq was more effective than 185 MBq, despite a higher incidence of hypothyroidism.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

30.

Chinese herbal medicines for hyperthyroidism.

Author: ZenX X, YuanY, LiuY, WuT X, HanS

Improved hyperthyroidism treatment
Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the body produces too much thyroid hormone, causing symptoms like rapid heartbeat, warm skin, and increased body temperature. Treatment includes managing symptoms and using medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland. Medicinal herbs are also used alone or alongside medications to treat hyperthyroidism in China and some other countries.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

31.

Comparison of the long-term efficacy of low dose 131I versus antithyroid drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Author: ChenDan Yun, JingJin, SchneiderPeter F, ChenTang Hua

Reduced hypothyroidism risk

This study prospectively assessed the efficacy and safety of 131I versus ATDs for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in China.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

32.

Clinical outcomes after estimated versus calculated activity of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: de RooijA, VandenbrouckeJ P, SmitJ W A, StokkelM P M, DekkersO M

Euthyroidism success
Hyperthyroidism cure
Study heterogeneity

Estimated and calculated activity of radioiodine resulted in equally successful treatment outcomes in hyperthyroidism. However, more research is needed to confirm this finding due to the heterogeneity of the included studies.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

33.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs or iodine-131.

Author: TräiskFrank, TallstedtLeif, Abraham-NordlingMirna, AnderssonTommy, BergGertrud, CalissendorffJan, HallengrenBengt, HednerPavo, LantzMikael, NyströmErnst, PonjavicVesna, TaubeAdam, TörringOve, WallinGöran, AsmanPeter, LundellGöran,

TAO risk

Radioiodine treatment is a significant risk factor for the development of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) in Graves' hyperthyroidism. The risk of developing TAO was greater in patients treated with iodine-131 than with medical treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

34.

Prevention of relapse of Graves' disease by treatment with an intrathyroid injection of dexamethasone.

Author: MaoXiao-Ming, LiHui-Qin, LiQian, LiDong-Mei, XieXiao-Jing, YinGuo-Ping, ZhangPeng, XuXiang-Hong, WuJin-Dan, ChenSong-Wang, WangShu-Kui

Reduced Relapse Rate

Intratyroid injection of dexamethasone (IID) combined with methimazole (MMI) treatment was found to be effective in preventing relapse of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease (GD) patients. The relapse rate was significantly lower in the MMI+IID group (7.4%) compared to the MMI group (51%).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

35.

Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Author: AbrahamPrakash, AvenellAlison, McGeochSusan C, ClarkLouise F, BevanJohn S

Fewer adverse effects
Reduced relapse rates
Poor trial quality

The evidence suggests that the optimal duration of antithyroid drug therapy for the titration regimen is 12 to 18 months. The titration (low dose) regimen had fewer adverse effects than the block-replace (high dose) regimen and was no less effective.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

36.

Striving for euthyroidism in radioiodine therapy of Graves' disease: a 12-year prospective, randomized, open-label blinded end point study.

Author: ChenDan Yun, SchneiderPeter F, ZhangXiang Song, HeZhi Min, JingJin, ChenTang Hua

Improved GD treatment

This study investigates optimal dosing strategies for (131)I treatment of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease (GD) in China, aiming to achieve euthyroidism and minimize the need for long-term levothyroxine treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

37.

Long-term continuous methimazole or radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism.

Author: AziziFereidoun, YousefiVahid, BahrainianAbdolmajid, SheikholeslamiFarhad, TohidiMaryam, MehrabiYadollah

Effective treatment for hyperthyroidism
Neuropsychological effects

This study compared the effectiveness of continuous methimazole (MMI) treatment with radioiodine-induced (RAI) hypothyroidism followed by thyroxine replacement therapy for hyperthyroidism. The study also investigated neuropsychological outcomes in patients receiving long-term continuous MMI treatment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

38.

Selenium supplementation for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism (the GRASS trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: WattTorquil, CramonPer, BjornerJakob Bue, BonnemaSteen Joop, Feldt-RasmussenUlla, GluudChristian, GramJeppe, HansenJane Lindschou, HegedüsLaszlo, KnudsenNils, Bach-MortensenPernille, NolsøeRuna, NygaardBirte, PociotFlemming, SkoogMaria, WinkelPer, RasmussenAse Krogh

Improved Graves' hyperthyroidism treatment

Graves' hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. This study will investigate whether selenium supplementation can improve treatment outcomes for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

39.

Comparative effectiveness of therapies for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Author: SundareshVishnu, BritoJuan P, WangZhen, ProkopLarry J, StanMarius N, MuradMohammad H, BahnRebecca S

Graves' disease treatment
Relapse
Side effects

Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) had a significantly higher relapse rate than radioactive iodine (RAI) or surgery for Graves' disease. ATDs were also associated with a significant side effect profile, with dermatological complications being more common with methimazole and hepatic effects with propylthiouracil.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

40.

Effects of short-term metformin therapy associated with levothyroxine dose decrement on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in patients with thyroid cancer.

Author: MousaviZ, DourandishL, RokniH, SadeghiR, Rasoul ZakaviS

Subclinical hyperthyroidism

A single-blind randomized controlled trial of 50 non-diabetic patients with DTC found that adding 500 mg of metformin to the drug regimen was not useful to compensate for a 33% reduction in levothyroxine dose.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

41.

Lithium as an adjunct to radioactive iodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: KesslerLynn, PallaJyothsna, BaruJoshua S, OnyenwenyiChioma, GeorgeAmrutha M, LucasBrian P

Increased RAI efficacy
Increased thyroid radiation

Radioactive iodine (RAI) is the standard treatment for hyperthyroidism, but its effectiveness varies. Lithium can increase the radiation dose to the thyroid when used with RAI, but its role as an adjunct to RAI remains uncertain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

42.

Clinical and Dosimetric Variables Related to Outcome After Treatment of Graves' Disease With 550 and 1110 MBq of 131I: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial.

Author: SapienzaMarcelo Tatit, Coura-FilhoGeorge Barberio, WillegaignonJosé, WatanabeTomoco, DuartePaulo Schiavom, BuchpiguelCarlos Alberto

HTG therapy

This study examines factors related to clinical outcomes and radiation dose in people with Graves' hyperthyroidism (HTG) treated with radioactive iodine (I-131), aiming to help determine the best dose to administer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

43.

Thyroid surgery for Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Author: LiuZi Wei, MastersonLiam, FishBrian, JaniPiyush, ChatterjeeKrishna

Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease
Lifelong thyroxine replacement

This study examines the different surgical approaches to treating Graves' disease, including total thyroidectomy, bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy, and the Dunhill procedure. The study highlights the need for a systematic review to determine the best surgical option for patients with Graves' disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

44.

Quality of life, clinical outcomes and safety of early prophylactic levothyroxine administration in patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism undergoing radioiodine therapy: a randomized controlled study.

Author: TaïebDavid, BournaudClaire, EberleMarie-Claude, CatargiBogdan, SchvartzClaire, CavarecMarie-Béatrice, FaugeronIsabelle, ToubertMarie-Elisabeth, BenisvyDanielle, ArchangeCendrine, MundlerOlivier, CaronPhilippe, AbdullahAhmad Esmaeel, BaumstarckKarine

Graves' disease treatment
Hypothyroidism risk

Radioactive iodine is a common treatment for Graves' disease. However, it can sometimes lead to long-term low thyroid function (hypothyroidism), causing symptoms that affect quality of life. Starting medication for low thyroid (levothyroxine, LT4) early after treatment may help prevent this problem.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

45.

Radioiodine therapy versus antithyroid medications for Graves' disease.

Author: MaChao, XieJiawei, WangHui, LiJinsong, ChenSuyun

Graves' disease treatment

Graves' disease is a common thyroid condition. While medications and radioactive iodine are common treatments, their use varies geographically. Despite how often it's diagnosed, it's unclear if these treatments have different long-term outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

46.

Randomized trial of a short course of preoperative potassium iodide in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' disease.

Author: WhalenGiles, SullivanMary, MarandaLouise, QuinlanRobert, LarkinAnne

Reduced blood loss

A short course of potassium iodide (SSKI) given before surgery in patients with Graves' disease reduces blood loss during thyroidectomy. In a randomized trial of preoperative SSKI vs no SSKI, the mean estimated blood loss in the SSKI group (62 mL) was less than in the control group (162 mL), and the mean operative time was also less in the SSKI arm (142 vs 162 minutes).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

47.

Can we predict relapse in Graves' disease? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: StrujaTristan, FehlbergHannah, KutzAlexander, GuebelinLarissa, DegenChristian, MuellerBeat, SchuetzPhilipp

Predict relapse
High bias risk
Small trials

A meta-analysis of 54 studies on Graves' disease found that orbitopathy, smoking, thyroid volume, goiter size, fT4, tT3, TRAb, and TBII were significantly associated with relapse after stopping anti-thyroid drugs. These factors can be combined into a risk score to guide treatment decisions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

48.

Lithium can cause hyperthyroidism as well as hypothyroidism: A systematic review of an under-recognised association.

Author: FairbrotherFiona, PetzlNicola, ScottJames G, KiselySteve

Lithium-induced hyperthyroidism

Lithium is a medication used to treat bipolar disorder. While hypothyroidism is a known side effect of lithium treatment, there is limited evidence on whether lithium can also cause hyperthyroidism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

49.

Long-term Methimazole Therapy in Juvenile Graves' Disease: A Randomized Trial.

Author: AziziFereidoun, TakyarMiralireza, MadresehElham, AmouzegarAtieh

Effective LT methimazole treatment
Reduced hyperthyroidism relapse

This study evaluates the effectiveness and safety of long-term methimazole treatment for Graves' disease, and compares remission rates after long-term and short-term therapy. The study found that long-term therapy is effective and safe, and that it leads to higher remission rates than short-term therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

51.

Mortality Risk After Radioiodine Therapy for Hyperthyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: YanDandan, ChenChuang, YanHonglin, LiuTian, YanHong, YuanJingping

Radioiodine for hyperthyroidism
Risk of mortality

This study aimed to quantify the mortality outcomes in patients treated for hyperthyroidism with radioiodine, considering the potential association between radioiodine treatment and mortality.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

52.

Thyroidectomy in Pediatric Patients with Graves' Disease: A Systematic Review of Postoperative Morbidity.

Author: ZaatAnnabel S, DerikxJoep P M, Zwaveling-SoonawalaNitash, van TrotsenburgA S Paul, MooijChristiaan F

Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, and thyroidectomy is often required as definitive treatment in children. Postoperative complications of thyroidectomy in pediatric patients are poorly reported.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

53.

Risk of perioperative thyroid storm in hyperthyroid patients: a systematic review.

Author: de MulNikki, DamstraJill, Nieveen van DijkumEls J M, FischliStefan, KalkmanCor J, SchellekensWillem-Jan M, ImminkRogier V

Preoperative treatment
Insufficient evidence
Risk of thyroid storm

The risk of perioperative thyroid storm in hyperthyroid patients undergoing surgery is unclear due to insufficient quality of evidence. Preoperative treatment remains warranted given the seriousness of the complication.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

54.

The Efficacy and Short- and Long-Term Side Effects of Radioactive Iodine Treatment in Pediatric Graves' Disease: A Systematic Review.

Author: LuttermanSarah L, Zwaveling-SoonawalaNitash, VerberneHein J, VerburgFrederik A, van TrotsenburgA S Paul, MooijChristiaan F

Pediatric GD treatment
RAI side effects

Graves' disease (GD), a condition causing an overactive thyroid, is commonly treated with either surgery or radioactive iodine (RAI). While RAI is often used for children with GD, research on its effectiveness and long-term side effects in this population is limited.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

55.

Appropriate duration of antithyroid drug treatment as a predictor for relapse of Graves' disease: a systematic scoping review.

Author: AziziF, AbdiH, MehranL, AmouzegarA

ATD
GD
Relapse

This systematic scoping review critically appraised the duration of antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy for Graves' disease (GD) over the past 80 years. The review highlighted the evolution of ATD therapy, with longer treatment durations becoming more common. Long-term ATD treatment for more than 60 months was found to be safe and effective, offering the highest remission rate and potentially curing most patients with GD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

56.

Efficacy of propylthiouracil in the treatment of pregnancy with hyperthyroidism and its effect on pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis.

Author: MiaoYiqun, XuYang, TengPing, WangAihua, ZhangYuanyuan, ZhouYun, LiuWenwen

Improved pregnancy outcomes
Safe treatment

This meta-analysis found that propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies, neonatal hypothyroidism, or hepatotoxicity. The findings support the use of PTU during pregnancy with hyperthyroidism to improve clinical pregnancy outcomes in patients with thyroid dysfunction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

57.

Treatment of post-radioactive iodine relapse of hyperthyroidism: comparison of long-term methimazole and radioactive iodine treatment.

Author: SaadatN, AziziF, AbdiH, AmouzegarA

Faster euthyroidism
Sustained hyperthyroidism control

Long-term methimazole (LT-MMI) was superior to radioactive iodine (RAI) in patients with post-RAI relapsed hyperthyroidism. LT-MMI achieved faster euthyroidism and sustained control of hyperthyroidism for a longer period.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

58.

Effect of Hyperthyroidism Control During Pregnancy on Maternal and Fetal Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: Alves JuniorJose Mario, BernardoWanderley Marques, WardLaura Sterian, VillagelinDanilo

Reduced low birth weight
Reduced preeclampsia
Reduced preterm birth
Reduced spontaneous abortion

Treating overt hyperthyroidism during pregnancy appears to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth compared with euthyroid pregnancies.

Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

59.

Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Methimazole versus Radioactive Iodine in the Treatment of Toxic Multinodular Goiter.

Author: AziziFereidoun, SaadatNavid, TakyarMir Alireza, AbdiHengameh, MehranLadan, AmouzegarAtieh

Euthyroidism
Sustained euthyroidism

In patients with TMNG, LT-MMI therapy is superior to RAI treatment, as shown by the earlier achievement of euthyroidism (4.3 months vs 16.3 months) and the longer duration of sustained normal serum thyrotropin.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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