Effects of liothyronine: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Liothyronine, a type of thyroid hormone, is used to treat hypothyroidism. In recent years, new applications of liothyronine, such as treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, prevention of cardiovascular disease, and improvement of cognitive function, have been attracting attention. Liothyronine may be more effective than conventional treatments. 10

The use of liothyronine is increasing worldwide for the treatment of hypothyroidism; however, the long-term safety of LT3 use has yet to be determined. Previous studies have suggested a possible association between LT3 use and breast cancer. 4 However, large-scale studies have not shown any association between the use of liothyronine and breast cancer, other cancers, or mortality. 4

Liothyronine use may affect thyroid hormone metabolism, and the effects may vary depending on age and other health conditions. Liothyronine has been reported to have a faster effect than levothyroxine. Liothyronine administration has also been reported to affect energy metabolism, improve heart function, and increase skin temperature. 1 2 17 However, liothyronine administration has also been suggested to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. 14

Liothyronine use has been reported to have different effects depending on the patient, so it is important to find the appropriate dosage and administration method. Also, liothyronine administration can affect heart function and energy metabolism, so caution is required. 2 15

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Liothyronine may promote healing of diabetic foot ulcers. 10 It may also improve cognitive function and have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease. 12 14

Risk Summary

Liothyronine use may increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. 14 It is important to find the appropriate dosage and administration method. Liothyronine can affect thyroid hormone metabolism, so caution is required. 2 15

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Liothyronine use is increasing worldwide for the treatment of hypothyroidism, and there is a growing concern about its safety. 4 Liothyronine use may affect thyroid hormone metabolism, and the effects may vary depending on age and other health conditions.

Differences Among Studies

There is no consensus on the effects of liothyronine use on breast cancer, other cancers, or mortality. Large-scale studies have not shown any association between the use of liothyronine and breast cancer, other cancers, or mortality. 4

Consistency and Contradictions in the Results

Liothyronine has been reported to have a faster effect than levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. 1 However, liothyronine use has also been suggested to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. 14 Based on these research findings, liothyronine appears to have a rapid effect while also potentially increasing the risk of atrial fibrillation. Therefore, liothyronine should be used only under the guidance of a doctor.

Precautions for Real-World Application

Liothyronine use has been reported to have different effects depending on the patient. Therefore, when considering the use of liothyronine, it is important to consult with a doctor and choose a treatment that is appropriate for your condition. Additionally, liothyronine use can affect heart function and energy metabolism, so caution is required. Individuals with heart disease or other illnesses should consult with a doctor before using liothyronine.

Limitations of Current Research

There is not enough research yet on the safety and effectiveness of liothyronine. Long-term effects, in particular, require further research. More research is also needed to determine how liothyronine use affects individuals with different health conditions.

Future Research Directions

Long-term studies on the safety and effectiveness of liothyronine are needed. Further research is also needed to determine how liothyronine use affects individuals with different health conditions. In addition, more detailed studies are needed on the potential of liothyronine use to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and other risks.

Conclusion

Liothyronine is a medication used to treat hypothyroidism, and in recent years, new applications, such as the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and the improvement of cognitive function, have been attracting attention. However, there is not yet enough research on the safety and effectiveness of liothyronine. When considering the use of liothyronine, it is important to consult with a doctor and choose a treatment that is appropriate for your condition.

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
1
Article Type
9
2
1
1
20
1.

Metabolic effects of liothyronine therapy in hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of liothyronine versus levothyroxine.

Author: CeliFrancesco S, ZemskovaMarina, LindermanJoyce D, SmithSheila, DrinkardBart, SachdevVandana, SkarulisMonica C, KozloskyMerel, CsakoGyorgy, CostelloRene, PucinoFrank

Thyroid hormone action

Levothyroxine (L-T(4)) alone may not restore a euthyroid state in all tissues, as observed in rodents. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of combination L-T(4)/L-T(3) therapy on thyroid hormone action.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

2.

Acute Effects of Liothyronine Administration on Cardiovascular System and Energy Metabolism in Healthy Volunteers.

Author: ChenShanshan, WohlfordGeorge F, Vecchie'Alessandra, CarboneSalvatore, YavuzSahzene, Van TassellBenjamin, AbbateAntonio, CeliFrancesco S

Cardiovascular toxicity

This study found that a high dose of liothyronine did not have any measurable rapid effects on the cardiovascular system. This supports the rationale for conducting long-term studies to assess the safety and effectiveness of liothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Acute Effects of Liothyronine Administration on Cardiovascular System and Energy Metabolism in Healthy Volunteers.

Author: ChenShanshan, WohlfordGeorge F, Vecchie'Alessandra, CarboneSalvatore, YavuzSahzene, Van TassellBenjamin, AbbateAntonio, CeliFrancesco S

Cardiovascular toxicity

This study found that a high dose of liothyronine did not have any measurable rapid effects on the cardiovascular system. This supports the rationale for conducting long-term studies to assess the safety and effectiveness of liothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Liothyronine Use in Hypothyroidism and its Effects on Cancer and Mortality.

Author: PlanckTereza, HedbergFredric, CalissendorffJan, NilssonAnton

Hypothyroidism treatment
Lower mortality

A large-scale, long-term registry-based study in Sweden revealed no increased risk of breast cancer, any cancer, or mortality associated with liothyronine (LT3) use compared to levothyroxine (LT4) use for treating hypothyroidism. In fact, LT3 users showed evidence of lower mortality, although this finding might be related to underlying associations between dose and health status.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Therapeutic effects of oral liothyronine on aluminum phosphide poisoning as an adjuvant therapy: A clinical trial.

Author: GoharbariM H, TaghaddosinejadF, ArefiM, SharifzadehM, MojtahedzadehM, NikfarS, BaeeriM, RahimifardM, AbdollahiM

Improved blood pressure
Improved pH
Improved thiol molecules

Liothyronine administration is effective in controlling aluminum phosphide poisoning and can improve patients' outcome.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Metabolic effects of liothyronine therapy in hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial of liothyronine versus levothyroxine.

Author: CeliFrancesco S, ZemskovaMarina, LindermanJoyce D, SmithSheila, DrinkardBart, SachdevVandana, SkarulisMonica C, KozloskyMerel, CsakoGyorgy, CostelloRene, PucinoFrank

Thyroid hormone action

Levothyroxine (L-T(4)) alone may not restore a euthyroid state in all tissues, as observed in rodents. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of combination L-T(4)/L-T(3) therapy on thyroid hormone action.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, N.I.H., IntramuralFunding provided by the NIH for research projects within the NIH.

Language : English

7.

Behavioral effects of liothyronine (L-T3) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the presence and absence of resistance to thyroid hormone.

Author: WeissR E, SteinM A, RefetoffS

ADHD treatment
Detrimental effects

Liothyronine treatment was found to be beneficial in reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity in children with ADHD and resistance to thyroid hormone. However, in children with ADHD without RTH, L-T3 had no effect or may be detrimental.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

The Role of Recipient Thyroid Hormone Supplementation in Primary Graft Dysfunction After Heart Transplantation: A Propensity-Adjusted Analysis.

Author: GoslingAndre F, WrightMary C, CherryAnne, MilanoCarmelo A, PatelChetan B, SchroderJacob N, DeVoreAdam, McCartneySharon, KerrDaryl, BrynerBenjamin, PodgoreanuMihai, NicoaraAlina

Reduced PGD severity

Recipient administration of thyroid hormone (T3) may not prevent primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after heart transplantation, but it may reduce its severity. While no difference was found in the overall incidence of PGD, patients receiving T3 were less likely to develop severe PGD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

A Phase 1b, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of the Putative Remyelinating Agent, Liothyronine, in Individuals with MS.

Author: NewsomeScott D, TianFan, ShoemakerThomas, FitzgeraldKathryn C, CassardSandra D, FiolJulie, SnoopsSarah, CooperDavid S, MammenJennifer S R, BhargavaPavan, MowryEllen M, CalabresiPeter A

MS treatment
Remyelination
Abnormal thyroid function
Gastrointestinal distress

This phase 1b clinical trial assessed the safety and tolerability of liothyronine (synthetic T3) in individuals with relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Liothyronine was well tolerated, with no severe adverse events or disease activation. While gastrointestinal distress and abnormal thyroid function tests were common, no thyrotoxicosis occurred. The study suggests that liothyronine is safe and may have potential for promoting remyelination in MS.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Preclinical toxicological assessment of levothyroxine and liothyronine Maillard impurities.

Author: AgarwalAnju, AsifMuhammad, DeshmukhRajeev, VinchurkarMohini, SinganaSuresh B, BhondavePratik

None mentioned
Drug degradation
Maillard reaction

An unknown impurity was identified in levothyroxine (LeMI) and liothyronine (LiMI) tablets as a Maillard condensation product between lactose and LeMI/LiMI.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Effects of Acute Triiodothyronine Treatment in Patients with Anterior Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Angioplasty: Evidence from a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial (ThyRepair Study).

Author: PantosConstantinos I, TrikasAthanasios G, PissimisisEvangelos G, GrigoriouKonstantinos P, StougiannosPavlos N, DimopoulosAntonios K, LinardakisSarantos I, AlexopoulosNikolaos A, EvdoridisCostas G, GavrielatosGerasimos D, PatsourakosNikolaos G, PapakonstantinouNikolaos D, Theodosis-GeorgilasAnastasios D, MourouzisIordanis S

Improved cardiac function
Increased AF risk

This pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated the potential effects of acute liothyronine (LT3) treatment in patients with anterior myocardial infarction. The study found that LT3 treatment resulted in a significantly lower left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume index and LV systolic volume index at hospital discharge.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Effect of Liothyronine Treatment on Quality of Life in Female Hypothyroid Patients With Residual Symptoms on Levothyroxine Therapy: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Author: BjerkreimBetty Ann, HammerstadSara Salehi, GulsethHanne Løvdal, BergTore Julsrud, OmdalLars Johan, Lee-ØdegårdSindre, EriksenErik Fink

Hypothyroid treatment
Hypothyroidism

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of LT3 monotherapy on quality of life (QoL) in hypothyroid patients who continued to experience symptoms despite having TSH levels within the reference range, even after LT4 monotherapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Pharmacological interventions to diminish cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: VerdijkJoey P A J, van KesselMike A, OudMatthijs, KellnerCharles H, HofmeijerJeannette, VerwijkEsmée, van WaardeJeroen A

Improved cognitive function
ECT cognitive side effects

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated pharmacological interventions to reduce cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The study found low-quality evidence supporting the efficacy of memantine and liothyronine. Other interventions, such as acetylcholine inhibitors, piracetam, and melatonin, showed potential benefit but with very low-quality evidence. Future research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying cognitive side effects of ECT and develop more effective interventions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

17.

Effect of Liothyronine Treatment on Dermal Temperature and Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue in Female Hypothyroid Patients: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Author: BjerkreimBetty Ann, HammerstadSara Salehi, GulsethHanne Løvdal, BergTore Julsrud, Lee-ØdegårdSindre, RangbergAnbjørg, JonassenChristine Monceyron, BudgeHelen, MorrisDavid, LawJames, SymondsMichael, EriksenErik Fink

Improved thermogenesis
Temperature regulation
Cold intolerance

This review discusses the role of thyroid hormones in regulating body temperature. The review suggests that even patients with adequate thyroid hormone replacement may still experience cold intolerance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Optimal Thyroid Hormone Replacement.

Author: JonklaasJacqueline

Combination therapy
Hypothyroidism treatment
Overtreatment
Pregnancy risk
Undertreatment

This review discusses the complexities of managing hypothyroidism with levothyroxine, including initial dosage considerations and adjustments for various factors. The review also examines the potential benefits and risks of combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

20.

Self-Reported Allergy to Thyroid Replacement Therapy: A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review.

Author: Chamorro-ParejaNatalia, Carrillo-MartinIsmael, HaehnDaniela A, WestphalSydney A, ParkMiguel A, BernetVictor J, Gonzalez-EstradaAlexei

Hypothyroidism treatment
Drug reaction

This study explores patterns of adverse drug reactions, including immediate hypersensitivity and predictable reactions, to thyroid replacement therapy (TRT), specifically levothyroxine (LT4), which is widely prescribed in the United States. While immediate hypersensitivity reactions are rare, the study aims to identify common patterns of adverse reactions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

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