Effects of naloxone injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 18 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Several studies have shown that naloxone has various effects in different situations. For example, a study ( 9 ) found that naloxone treatment can mitigate the impact of prenatal stress on the immune system of mice offspring. Another study ( 6 ) found that naloxone can help reduce withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats. Additionally, research ( 14 ) suggests that naloxone may reduce pain caused by cholestasis. However, one study ( 11 ) indicated that naloxone can worsen withdrawal symptoms by affecting specific brain regions involved in morphine dependence.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Naloxone has the potential to reduce the impact of prenatal stress on mice offspring, alleviate withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent individuals, and reduce pain associated with cholestasis. These benefits are thought to stem from naloxone's effects on the nervous and immune systems.

Risk Summary

Naloxone can potentially worsen withdrawal symptoms by affecting certain brain regions associated with morphine dependence. Therefore, it is crucial to follow a doctor's instructions when using naloxone.

Comparison between Studies

Similarities

Several studies demonstrate that naloxone influences the nervous and immune systems, producing various effects. These effects are believed to result from naloxone's interaction with opioid receptors.

Differences

The specific situations and subjects for which the effects of naloxone were observed vary across studies. For instance, 9 focuses on prenatal stress, 6 on morphine dependence, and 14 on pain related to cholestasis. Additionally, the animal species used in these studies differ, including mice and rats.

Consistency and Contradictions of Results

Naloxone has been shown to be effective in various situations. However, studies like 11 suggest that it might have detrimental effects in certain circumstances. Thus, a careful assessment of the individual situation is required before using naloxone.

Considerations for Real-World Application

Naloxone is widely used by emergency personnel and the general public to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose. However, because naloxone can worsen withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent individuals, self-administration should be avoided. It is critical to consult a doctor before using naloxone.

Limitations of Current Research

The research on naloxone is still insufficient, particularly regarding its effects on humans. Further studies are needed to explore this aspect.

Future Research Directions

Research is needed to understand the effects and safety of naloxone in humans, and to investigate how naloxone functions in various situations.

Conclusion

Naloxone is known to reverse respiratory depression caused by opioid overdose. Additionally, research suggests its potential effectiveness in various situations like prenatal stress and morphine dependence. However, because naloxone might have adverse effects in specific circumstances, self-administration should be avoided. It is essential to follow a doctor's guidance when using naloxone. Further research is required for a more comprehensive understanding of naloxone's effects and safety.

Literature analysis of 18 papers
Positive Content
9
Neutral Content
5
Negative Content
4
Article Type
4
0
0
0
18
1.

The influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin.

Author: SullivanJ T, LettieriJ T, LiuP, HellerA H

Antibacterial effects
Reduced bioavailability

Moxifloxacin does not exhibit age- or gender-dependent pharmacokinetics. Oral doses of 200 to 400mg yield effective antibacterial concentrations on the first day of administration.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Effects of sucralfate on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in healthy volunteers.

Author: StassH, SchühlyU, MöllerJ G, DelesenH

Reduced bioavailability

Concomitant administration of sucralfate and moxifloxacin significantly reduced the bioavailability of moxifloxacin. This reduction in bioavailability is likely due to a chelation reaction with polyvalent cations, which is a common finding for quinolones. Therefore, staggered administration of moxifloxacin and Al3+-containing interactants should be considered to avoid subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of the quinolone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Effects of iron supplements on the oral bioavailability of moxifloxacin, a novel 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone, in humans.

Author: StassH, KubitzaD

Reduced bioavailability

Concomitant administration of iron supplements and moxifloxacin significantly reduced the bioavailability of moxifloxacin. This reduction in bioavailability is likely due to a chelation reaction with polyvalent cations, which is a common finding for quinolones. Therefore, staggered administration of moxifloxacin and iron supplements should be considered to avoid subtherapeutic plasma concentrations of the quinolone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Thorough QT study of the effect of oral moxifloxacin on QTc interval in the fed and fasted state in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.

Author: TaubelJorg, FerberGeorg, LorchUlrike, BatchvarovVelislav, SavelievaIrina, CammA John

Reduced QT prolongation
QT prolongation

This study investigated the effect of food on the QT prolongation caused by moxifloxacin in a TQT study and compared the QTc F profile of oral moxifloxacin in Japanese and Caucasian volunteers.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

[Muscarinic receptors modulate the mRNA expression of NMDA receptors in brainstem and the release of glutamate in periaqueductal grey during morphine withdrawal in rats].

Author: LiuHui-Fen, ZhouWen-Hua, XieXiao-Hu, CaoJun-Li, GuJun, YangGuo-Dong

Morphine withdrawal treatment

This study investigated the role of muscarinic receptors in morphine withdrawal syndrome. They found that blocking muscarinic receptors reduced the expression of NMDA receptor subtypes and the release of glutamate, suggesting their involvement in the withdrawal process.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Chinese

8.

Attenuation of morphine withdrawal signs by a GABAB receptor agonist in the locus coeruleus of rats.

Author: RiahiEsmail, Mirzaii-DizgahIraj, KarimianSeyed Morteza, SadeghipourH R, RoodsariHamid Reza Sadeghipour, DehpourAhmad Reza

Reduced withdrawal

Activation of GABA(B) receptors in the locus coeruleus (LC) reduced precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats. This suggests a potential therapeutic role for GABA(B) receptor agonists in managing opioid withdrawal.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Naloxone treatment prevents prenatal stress effects on peritoneal macrophage activity in mice offspring.

Author: FonsecaEvelise S M, SakaiMonica, Carvalho-FreitasMaria Isabel R, Palermo NetoJoão

Maternal stress decreased macrophage activity in both male and female offspring, while naloxone treatment reversed these effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Double dissociation in the neural substrates of acute opiate dependence as measured by withdrawal-potentiated startle.

Author: HarrisA C, AtkinsonD M, AaseD M, GewirtzJ C

Opiate dependence

This study examined the neural substrates of withdrawal-potentiated startle following acute morphine exposure in rats. Inactivation of the basolateral amygdala and central nucleus of the amygdala blocked withdrawal-potentiated startle on the first day, while inactivation of the nucleus accumbens disrupted the withdrawal effect on the second day.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

The small GTPase RhoA, but not Rac1, is essential for conditioned aversive memory formation through regulation of actin rearrangements in rat dorsal hippocampus.

Author: WangJun, WangYu-hua, HouYuan-yuan, XiTao, LiuYao, LiuJing-gen

None mentioned
None mentioned

This study investigated the mechanisms underlying actin rearrangements in the dorsal hippocampus of rats induced by conditioned morphine withdrawal.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

A role for the periaqueductal grey in opioidergic inhibition of maternal behaviour.

Author: Miranda-PaivaCláudia M, Ribeiro-BarbosaErika R, CanterasNewton S, FelicioLuciano F

Maternal behavior study

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a brain region involved in the opioidergic blockade of maternal behavior in rats. Morphine's inhibitory effect on maternal responsiveness was blocked by naloxone injection into the rostral PAG.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Behavioral effects of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition on morphine withdrawal symptoms.

Author: ShahidiSiamak, HasaneinParisa

Reduced morphine withdrawal symptoms

Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase by URB597 reduced morphine withdrawal symptoms in morphine-addicted rats, suggesting that potentiation of the endocannabinoid system may be a new target strategy for managing morphine addiction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Prenatal exposure to ethanol increases ethanol consumption: a conditioned response?

Author: ChotroM Gabriela, AriasCarlos

Increased ethanol intake
Prenatal ethanol exposure

This study found that prenatal ethanol exposure in rats increased ethanol consumption in offspring, suggesting a conditioned preference learned in utero. This preference was mediated by the opioid system and could be reduced by administering naloxone to the pregnant dam or to the pups after birth.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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